Use of Shadow in the State of al-’Ihram

قَالَ لِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ‌[1] أَ لَا أَسُرُّكَ يَا ابْنَ مُثَنًّى قَالَ قُلْتُ بَلَى وَ قُمْتُ إِلَيْهِ قَالَ دَخَلَ هَذَا الْفَاسِقُ آنِفاً[2] فَجَلَسَ قُبَالَةَ أَبِي الْحَسَنِ ع ثُمَّ أَقْبَلَ عَلَيْهِ فَقَالَ لَهُ يَا أَبَا الْحَسَنِ مَا تَقُولُ فِي الْمُحْرِمِ أَ يَسْتَظِلُّ عَلَى الْمَحْمِلِ فَقَالَ لَهُ لَا قَالَ فَيَسْتَظِلُّ فِي الْخِبَاءِ فَقَالَ لَهُ نَعَمْ فَأَعَادَ عَلَيْهِ الْقَوْلَ شِبْهَ ا

“Muhammad ibn ‘Isma‘il once said to me, ‘Would you like if I give you happy news, O ibn Muthanna?’ I replied, ‘Yes, please,’ and I stood up before him. He said, ‘This sinful person came to abu al-Hassan ‘Alayhi al-Salam, and he turned to him (the Imam) and asked, “O abu al-Hassan, can a man in the state of Ihram seek s

سَأَلْتُ أَبَا الْحَسَنِ ع عَنِ الظِّلَالِ لِلْمُحْرِمِ فَقَالَ اضْحَ لِمَنْ أَحْرَمْتَ لَهُ‌[4] قُلْتُ إِنِّي مَحْرُورٌ وَ إِنَّ الْحَرَّ يَشْتَدُّ عَلَيَّ قَالَ أَ مَا عَلِمْتَ أَنَّ الشَّمْسَ تَغْرُبُ بِذُنُوبِ الْمُحْرِمِينَ.

‘Remain in the sun for the sake of the One by whose command you assume the state of Ihram.’ I then said, ‘My endurance in the sun is low and heat becomes unbearable to me.’ He (the Imam) said, ‘Did you not know that the sun sits along with the sins of the people in the state of Ihram?”’

مَا رَأَيْتُ أَحَداً كَانَ أَشَدَّ تَشْدِيداً فِي الظِّلِّ مِنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ ع كَانَ يَأْمُرُ بِقَلْعِ الْقُبَّةِ وَ الْحَاجِبَيْنِ‌[1] إِذَا أَحْرَمَ

“I did not see anyone more strict about shadow in the state of Ihram than abu Ja‘far (a.s.), who would command to remove the dome (tent) and its poles when he assumed the state of Ihram.’”

سَأَلْتُهُ‌[2] عَنِ الْمَرْأَةِ يُضْرَبُ عَلَيْهَا الظِّلَالُ وَ هِيَ مُحْرِمَةٌ قَالَ نَعَمْ قُلْتُ فَالرَّجُلُ يُضْرَبُ عَلَيْهِ الظِّلَالُ وَ هُوَ مُحْرِمٌ قَالَ نَعَمْ إِذَا كَانَتْ بِهِ شَقِيقَةٌ[3] وَ يَتَصَدَّقُ بِمُدٍّ لِكُلِّ يَوْمٍ.

“I once asked him (the Imam) (a.s.), about the case of a woman for whom a shadow is prepared while she is in the state of Ihram. He (the Imam) said, ‘Yes, it is permissible.’ I then asked the same about men. He (the Imam) said, ‘Yes, if he suffers from severe headache, but he must pay one mud (a certain measurement) of

كَتَبْتُ إِلَى الرِّضَا ع هَلْ يَجُوزُ لِلْمُحْرِمِ أَنْ يَمْشِيَ تَحْتَ ظِلِّ الْمَحْمِلِ فَكَتَبَ نَعَمْ قَالَ وَ سَأَلَهُ رَجُلٌ عَنِ الظِّلَالِ لِلْمُحْرِمِ مِنْ أَذَى مَطَرٍ أَوْ شَمْسٍ وَ أَنَا أَسْمَعُ فَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يَفْدِيَ شَاةً وَ يَذْبَحَهَا بِمِنًى.

“I wrote to al-Rida’ (a.s.), and asked if it is permissible to walk in the shadow of the carriage on camel back. He (the Imam) wrote back, ‘Yes, it is permissible.’ Another man had asked about preparing a shadow for one in the state of Ihram because of rain or sun and I was listening, he (the Imam) commanded him to pay

سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ الظِّلَالِ لِلْمُحْرِمِ قَالَ لَا يُظَلِّلْ إِلَّا مِنْ عِلَّةِ مَرَضٍ.

“I once asked abu al-Hassan (a.s.), about the case of a man in the state of Ihram and shadows. He (the Imam) said, ’He must not seek shadows unless he is ill.’”

قُلْتُ لِأَبِي الْحَسَنِ الْأَوَّلِ ع إِنَّ عَلِيَّ بْنَ شِهَابٍ يَشْكُو رَأْسَهُ وَ الْبَرْدُ شَدِيدٌ وَ يُرِيدُ أَنْ يُحْرِمَ فَقَالَ إِنْ كَانَ كَمَا زَعَمَ فَلْيُظَلِّلْ وَ أَمَّا أَنْتَ فَاضْحَ لِمَنْ أَحْرَمْتَ لَهُ.

‘If that is the case he can use shadows, but you must stay out of the shadow for the sake of the One for whom you assume the state of Ihram.’”

سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع هَلْ يَسْتَتِرُ الْمُحْرِمُ مِنَ الشَّمْسِ فَقَالَ لَا إِلَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ شَيْخاً كَبِيراً أَوْ قَالَ ذَا عِلَّةٍ.

“I once asked abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), if a man in the state of Ihram can cover himself from the sun. He (the Imam) said, ‘No, he cannot do so, unless he is an old man or one with illness.’”

قُلْتُ لِلرِّضَا ع الْمُحْرِمُ يُظَلِّلُ عَلَى مَحْمِلِهِ وَ يَفْتَدِي إِذَا كَانَتِ الشَّمْسُ وَ الْمَطَرُ يُضِرَّانِ بِهِ قَالَ نَعَمْ قُلْتُ كَمِ الْفِدَاءُ قَالَ شَاةٌ.

“I once asked abu al-Hassan (a.s.), about a man who is in the state of Ihram: if he can use shadow and pay ransom if the sun and rain are harmful for him. He (the Imam) said, ‘Yes, he can do so.’ I asked, ‘How much is the ransom?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘It is one sheep.’”

لَا بَأْسَ بِالْقُبَّةِ عَلَى النِّسَاءِ وَ الصِّبْيَانِ وَ هُمْ مُحْرِمُونَ.

‘It is not harmful for women and children to have a dome (umbrella) while they are in the state of Ihram.’”

لَا يَسْتَتِرُ الْمُحْرِمُ مِنَ الشَّمْسِ بِثَوْبٍ وَ لَا بَأْسَ أَنْ يَسْتَتِرَ بَعْضَهُ بِبَعْضٍ.

“Abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), has said, ‘A man in the state of Ihram must not cover himself from the sun with a cloth; but it is not harmful to cover one part by the other part of his body.’”

كَتَبْتُ إِلَى أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ ع أَنَّ عَمَّتِي مَعِي وَ هِيَ زَمِيلَتِي‌[1] وَ الْحَرُّ تَشْتَدُّ عَلَيْهَا إِذَا أَحْرَمَتْ فَتَرَى لِي أَنْ أُظَلِّلَ عَلَيَّ وَ عَلَيْهَا فَكَتَبَ ع ظَلِّلْ عَلَيْهَا وَحْدَهَا.

“I once wrote to abu Ja‘far (a.s.), that my aunt who is my travel-mate and the heat is severe for her while she is in the state of Ihram; if I can provide shadow for her and for myself. He (the Imam) wrote, ‘You can provide shadow just for her alone.’”

سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ الْمُحْرِمِ أَ يَتَغَطَّى قَالَ أَمَّا مِنَ الْحَرِّ وَ الْبَرْدِ فَلَا.

“I once asked abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), about the case of a man in the state of Ihram if he can cover himself. He (the Imam) said, ‘As for from heat or cold, then no.’”

سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ مُحْرِمٍ ظَلَّلَ فِي عُمْرَتِهِ قَالَ يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ دَمٌ قَالَ وَ إِنْ خَرَجَ إِلَى مَكَّةَ وَ ظَلَّلَ وَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ أَيْضاً دَمٌ لِعُمْرَتِهِ وَ دَمٌ لِحَجَّتِهِ.

“I once asked him (the Imam) (a.s.), about a man who seeks shadow in his al-‘Umrah. He (the Imam) said, ’Slaughtering (an animal) is necessary.’ He (the Imam) then said, ‘If he goes out to Makkah and uses shadow, it is necessary to slaughter an animal; one for al-‘Umrah and one for al- Hajj.’”

كُنَّا فِي دِهْلِيزِ يَحْيَى بْنِ خَالِدٍ بِمَكَّةَ وَ كَانَ هُنَاكَ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ مُوسَى ع وَ أَبُو يُوسُفَ فَقَامَ إِلَيْهِ أَبُو يُوسُفَ وَ تَرَبَّعَ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ فَقَالَ يَا أَبَا الْحَسَنِ جُعِلْتُ فِدَاكَ الْمُحْرِمُ يُظَلِّلُ قَالَ لَا قَالَ فَيَسْتَظِلُّ بِالْجِدَارِ وَ الْمَحْمِلِ وَ يَدْخُلُ الْبَيْتَ وَ الْخِبَاءَ قَالَ نَعَمْ قَالَ فَضَحِكَ أَبُو يُوسُفَ شِبْهَ الْمُسْتَهْزِئِ فَقَالَ لَهُ أَبُو الْح

15. Ali ibn Muhammad has narrated from Sahl ibn Ziyad from ibn abu Najran from Muhammad ibn al-Fudayl who has said the following: “Once we were in the hall of Yahya ibn Khalid in Makkah. Abu al-Hassan, Musa, ‘Alayhi al-Salam and abu Yusuf were there. Abu Yusuf stood up to move closer and then sat down square in front o