Leadership & Responsibility

قُلْتُ فَدَفَعَ إِلَيْهِ الْوَصَايَا عَلَى أَنَّهُ مَحْجُوجٌ بِهِ فَقَالَ لَوْ كَانَ مَحْجُوجاً بِهِ مَا دَفَعَ إِلَيْهِ الْوَصِيَّةَ قَالَ فَقُلْتُ فَمَا كَانَ حَالُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ‌[2] قَالَ أَقَرَّ بِالنَّبِيِّ وَ بِمَا جَاءَ بِهِ وَ دَفَعَ إِلَيْهِ الْوَصَايَا وَ مَاتَ مِنْ يَوْمِهِ.

“I once asked Abu al-Hassan (AS), ‘Did the Messenger of Allah receive any authority from Abu Talib (AS)?” The Imam (AS) said, “No, but Abu Talib was the trustee of certain (items) of will that he delivered to the Holy Prophet (SAW).’ I then asked, ‘So Abu Talib delivered the wills to the Holy Prophet because of his aut

لَمَّا قُبِضَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص بَاتَ آلُ مُحَمَّدٍ ع بِأَطْوَلِ لَيْلَةٍ حَتَّى ظَنُّوا أَنْ لَا سَمَاءَ تُظِلُّهُمْ وَ لَا أَرْضَ تُقِلُّهُمْ لِأَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ص وَتَرَ الْأَقْرَبِينَ وَ الْأَبْعَدِينَ فِي اللَّهِ فَبَيْنَا هُمْ كَذَلِكَ إِذْ أَتَاهُمْ آتٍ لَا يَرَوْنَهُ وَ يَسْمَعُونَ كَلَامَهُ فَقَالَ السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ أَهْلَ الْبَيْتِ وَ رَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ وَ بَرَكَاتُهُ إِنَّ فِي اللَّهِ عَزَاءً مِنْ كُ

19.Al-Husayn ibn Muhammad al-Asha‘ari has narrated from Mu‘alla ibn Muhammad from Mansur ibn al-‘Abbas from Ali ibn Asbat from Ya’qub ibn Salim from a man from Abu Ja‘far (AS) who has said the following: “When the Messenger of Allah passed away the family of Muhammad (SAW) experienced the longest night. They had a feel

كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص إِذَا رُئِيَ فِي اللَّيْلَةِ الظَّلْمَاءِ رُئِيَ لَهُ نُورٌ كَأَنَّهُ شِقَّةُ قَمَرٍ.

“If one looked at the Messenger of Allah in the dark night he could see a light like that from the moon radiating from him.”

نَزَلَ جَبْرَئِيلُ ع عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ص فَقَالَ يَا مُحَمَّدُ إِنَّ رَبَّكَ يُقْرِئُكَ السَّلَامَ وَ يَقُولُ إِنِّي قَدْ حَرَّمْتُ النَّارَ عَلَى صُلْبٍ أَنْزَلَكَ وَ بَطْنٍ حَمَلَكَ وَ حَجْرٍ كَفَلَكَ فَالصُّلْبُ صُلْبُ أَبِيكَ‌[2]- عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ- وَ الْبَطْنُ الَّذِي حَمَلَكَ فَآمِنَةُ بِنْتُ وَهْبٍ وَ أَمَّا حَجْرٌ كَفَلَكَ فَحَجْرُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ. - وَ فِي رِوَايَةِ ابْنِ فَضَّالٍ‌ وَ فَا

“Once Jibrail came to the Holy Prophet (SAW) and said, ‘O Muhammad, Allah offers you greetings and says, ‘I have prohibited the fire to harm the man and woman who carried your seed and the man whose lap provided you protection and guardianship. The man who carried your seed is ‘Abdallah ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib and the wom

يُحْشَرُ عَبْدُ الْمُطَّلِبِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ أُمَّةً وَاحِدَةً عَلَيْهِ سِيمَاءُ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ وَ هَيْبَةُ الْمُلُوكِ.

“On the Day of Judgment ‘Abd al-Muttalib will be resurrected as a whole nation and he will have the complexion like those of the prophets and the majestic presence like those of the kings.”

إِنَّ عَبْدَ الْمُطَّلِبِ أَوَّلُ مَنْ قَالَ بِالْبَدَاءِ يُبْعَثُ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ أُمَّةً وَحْدَهُ عَلَيْهِ بَهَاءُ الْمُلُوكِ وَ سِيمَاءُ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ.

“‘Abd al-Muttalib is the first one who believer in Bada’ (Allah’s revised will). He will be resurrected as a whole nation. He will have an august presence like kings and a countenance like that of the prophets.”

يُبْعَثُ عَبْدُ الْمُطَّلِبِ أُمَّةً وَحْدَهُ عَلَيْهِ بَهَاءُ الْمُلُوكِ وَ سِيمَاءُ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ وَ ذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ أَوَّلُ مَنْ قَالَ بِالْبَدَاءِ قَالَ وَ كَانَ عَبْدُ الْمُطَّلِبِ أَرْسَلَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ص إِلَى رُعَاتِهِ فِي إِبِلٍ قَدْ نَدَّتْ لَهُ فَجَمَعَهَا فَأَبْطَأَ عَلَيْهِ فَأَخَذَ بِحَلْقَةِ بَابِ الْكَعْبَةِ وَ جَعَلَ يَقُولُ يَا رَبِّ أَ تُهْلِكُ آلَكَ إِنْ تَفْعَلْ فَأَمْرٌ مَا بَدَا لَكَ فَجَاءَ

‘Abd al-Muttalib will be resurrected as a whole nation (one Ummah) with the grandeur of the kings and the complexion of the prophets. It is because he was the first one who believed in Bada’ (Allah’s revised will). Once ‘Abd al-Muttalib sent the Messenger of Allah to the shepherds of his camels to help them with a runa

قَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع‌ لَمَّا أَنْ وَجَّهَ صَاحِبُ الْحَبَشَةِ بِالْخَيْلِ وَ مَعَهُمُ الْفِيلُ لِيَهْدِمَ الْبَيْتَ مَرُّوا بِإِبِلٍ لِعَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ فَسَاقُوهَا فَبَلَغَ ذَلِكَ عَبْدَ الْمُطَّلِبِ فَأَتَى صَاحِبَ الْحَبَشَةِ فَدَخَلَ الْآذِنُ فَقَالَ هَذَا عَبْدُ الْمُطَّلِبِ بْنُ هَاشِمٍ قَالَ وَ مَا يَشَاءُ قَالَ التَّرْجُمَانُ جَاءَ فِي إِبِلٍ لَهُ سَاقُوهَا يَسْأَلُكَ رَدَّهَا فَقَالَ مَلِكُ الْحَبَ

“Abu ‘Abdallah (AS) has said, ‘When the fellow from Ethiopia marched with horses and elephants to destroy the Ka‘ba they passed by the camels of ‘Abd al-Muttalib and they herded them together. When ‘Abd al-Muttalib learned about it, he went to the man from Ethiopia and asked permission for a meeting. His men told him t

كَانَ عَبْدُ الْمُطَّلِبِ يُفْرَشُ لَهُ بِفِنَاءِ الْكَعْبَةِ لَا يُفْرَشُ لِأَحَدٍ غَيْرِهِ وَ كَانَ لَهُ وُلْدٌ يَقُومُونَ عَلَى رَأْسِهِ فَيَمْنَعُونَ مَنْ دَنَا مِنْهُ فَجَاءَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص وَ هُوَ طِفْلٌ يَدْرِجُ حَتَّى جَلَسَ عَلَى فَخِذَيْهِ فَأَهْوَى بَعْضُهُمْ إِلَيْهِ لِيُنَحِّيَهُ عَنْهُ فَقَالَ لَهُ عَبْدُ الْمُطَّلِبِ دَعِ ابْنِي فَإِنَّ الْمَلَكَ قَدْ أَتَاهُ.

“At a certain place around the Ka‘ba, ‘Abd al-Muttalib’s people would spread house furnishings for him only and for no one else. His sons would stand around him for protection. Once the Messenger of Allah (sw), then a small child who had just begun to walk came to ‘Abd al-Muttalib and sat in his lap. One of the people

لَمَّا وُلِدَ النَّبِيُّ ص مَكَثَ أَيَّاماً لَيْسَ لَهُ لَبَنٌ فَأَلْقَاهُ أَبُو طَالِبٍ عَلَى ثَدْيِ نَفْسِهِ فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ فِيهِ لَبَناً فَرَضَعَ مِنْهُ أَيَّاماً حَتَّى وَقَعَ أَبُو طَالِبٍ عَلَى حَلِيمَةَ السَّعْدِيَّةِ فَدَفَعَهُ إِلَيْهَا.

“When the Holy Prophet (SAW) was born, he remained for days without milk. Abu Talib himself breastfed him and Allah sent milk through his nipples. He continued to be breasted by him for several days until Abu Talib found Halima al-Sa‘diyyah, so he gave him to her.”

إِنَّ مَثَلَ أَبِي طَالِبٍ مَثَلُ أَصْحَابِ الْكَهْفِ أَسَرُّوا الْإِيمَانَ وَ أَظْهَرُوا الشِّرْكَ فَآتَاهُمُ اللَّهُ‌ أَجْرَهُمْ مَرَّتَيْنِ‌.

“The case of Abu Talib is like the case of the people of the cave who hid their faith and expressed polytheism. Allah gave them twice as much reward.”

قِيلَ لَهُ إِنَّهُمْ يَزْعُمُونَ أَنَّ أَبَا طَالِبٍ كَانَ كَافِراً فَقَالَ كَذَبُوا كَيْفَ يَكُونُ كَافِراً وَ هُوَ يَقُولُ‌ أَ لَمْ تَعْلَمُوا أَنَّا وَجَدْنَا مُحَمَّداً نَبِيّاً كَمُوسَى خُطَّ فِي أَوَّلِ الْكُتُبِ‌ وَ فِي حَدِيثٍ آخَرَ كَيْفَ يَكُونُ- أَبُو طَالِبٍ كَافِراً وَ هُوَ يَقُولُ‌ لَقَدْ عَلِمُوا أَنَّ ابْنَنَا لَا مُكَذَّبٌ‌ لَدَيْنَا وَ لَا يَعْبَأُ بِقِيلِ‌[1] الْأَبَاطِلِ- وَ أَبْيَضَ يُسْتَسْقَى ا

“It was said to him (the Imam): 'people claim that Abu Talib was an unbeliever.' He (AS) said: 'They lied, how could he be an unbeliever when he would say: “Do they not know that we found Muhammad as a prophet like Musa whose name is written in the ancient books.”? According to another hadith he said, “How could Abu Ta

بَيْنَا النَّبِيُّ ص فِي الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ وَ عَلَيْهِ ثِيَابٌ لَهُ جُدُدٌ فَأَلْقَى الْمُشْرِكُونَ عَلَيْهِ سَلَى نَاقَةٍ فَمَلَئُوا ثِيَابَهُ بِهَا فَدَخَلَهُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا شَاءَ اللَّهُ فَذَهَبَ إِلَى أَبِي طَالِبٍ فَقَالَ لَهُ يَا عَمِّ كَيْفَ تَرَى حَسَبِي فِيكُمْ فَقَالَ لَهُ وَ مَا ذَاكَ يَا ابْنَ أَخِي فَأَخْبَرَهُ الْخَبَرَ فَدَعَا أَبُو طَالِبٍ حَمْزَةَ وَ أَخَذَ السَّيْفَ وَ قَالَ لِحَمْزَةَ خُذِ ال

“Once when the Holy Prophet (SAW) was in The Sacred Mosque wearing new clothes, the pagans threw the contents of the stomach of a camel on him and his new clothes were ruined. Allah knows how hard it was for him. He (The Holy Prophet) went to Abu Talib and asked, ‘What is my honor worth to you?’ He asked ‘What is the m

لَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ أَبُو طَالِبٍ نَزَلَ جَبْرَئِيلُ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ص فَقَالَ يَا مُحَمَّدُ اخْرُجْ مِنْ مَكَّةَ فَلَيْسَ لَكَ فِيهَا نَاصِرٌ وَ ثَارَتْ قُرَيْشٌ بِالنَّبِيِّ ص فَخَرَجَ هَارِباً حَتَّى جَاءَ إِلَى جَبَلٍ بِمَكَّةَ يُقَالُ لَهُ الْحَجُونُ فَصَارَ إِلَيْهِ.

“When Abu Talib (AS) passed away, Jibrail came to the Messenger of Allah (SAW) and said, ‘O Muhammad, migrate from Mecca. There is no one to help protect you.’ Quraysh revolted against the Holy Prophet (SAW) and came out of Mecca running away until he reached one of the mountains of Mecca alled al-Hajun. He went there.

إِنَّ أَبَا طَالِبٍ أَسْلَمَ بِحِسَابِ الْجُمَّلِ قَالَ بِكُلِّ لِسَانٍ.

“Abu Talib acknowledged Islam through the expression of al-Jummal (a system wherein each letter of the alphabet is given a certain numerical and instead of a letter its numeric value is used for secrecy or other reasons.) The Imam said, “He used a universal language.”

أَسْلَمَ أَبُو طَالِبٍ بِحِسَابِ الْجُمَّلِ وَ عَقَدَ بِيَدِهِ ثَلَاثاً وَ سِتِّينَ.

“I saw Amir al-Mu’minin Ali (a.s.) on the day of victory in Basra while he was riding the on the mule of the Messenger of Allah (then) he said, “O people do you want me to tell who the best of the creatures of Allah will be on the Day when He will bring all of them at one place?” Abu Ayyub al-Ansari stood up and said,

رَأَيْتُ أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع يَوْمَ افْتَتَحَ الْبَصْرَةَ وَ رَكِبَ بَغْلَةَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ص ثُمَّ قَالَ أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ أَ لَا أُخْبِرُكُمْ بِخَيْرِ الْخَلْقِ يَوْمَ يَجْمَعُهُمُ اللَّهُ فَقَامَ إِلَيْهِ- أَبُو أَيُّوبَ الْأَنْصَارِيُّ فَقَالَ بَلَى يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ حَدِّثْنَا فَإِنَّكَ كُنْتَ تَشْهَدُ وَ نَغِيبُ فَقَالَ إِنَّ خَيْرَ الْخَلْقِ يَوْمَ يَجْمَعُهُمُ اللَّهُ سَبْعَةٌ مِنْ وُلْدِ عَبْد

“Once I saw Amir al-Mu’minin Ali (AS) on the day of victory in Basra while he was riding the on the mule of the Messenger of Allah (SAW). Then he said, ‘Oh people, do you want me to tell you who the best of the creatures of Allah will be on the Day when He will bring all of them to one place?’ Abu Ayyub al-Ansari (RA)

قُلْتُ لَهُ كَيْفَ كَانَتِ الصَّلَاةُ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ص قَالَ لَمَّا غَسَّلَهُ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع وَ كَفَّنَهُ سَجَّاهُ ثُمَّ أَدْخَلَ عَلَيْهِ عَشَرَةً فَدَارُوا حَوْلَهُ ثُمَّ وَقَفَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع فِي وَسَطِهِمْ فَقَالَ‌ إِنَّ اللَّهَ وَ مَلائِكَتَهُ يُصَلُّونَ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ يا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا صَلُّوا عَلَيْهِ وَ سَلِّمُوا تَسْلِيماً فَيَقُولُ الْقَوْمُ كَمَا يَقُولُ حَتَّى صَلَّى عَ

“Once I asked Abu Ja‘far (AS),’How was the prayer for the dead body of the Holy Prophet (SAW)?’ The Imam (AS) said: ‘When Amir al-Mu’minin Ali (AS) washed his body and he placed him in the shroud and covered his body then ten persons came in and they walked around him. Amir al-Mu’minin Ali (AS) then stood in the middle

قَالَ النَّبِيُّ ص لِعَلِيٍّ ع يَا عَلِيُّ ادْفِنِّي فِي هَذَا الْمَكَانِ وَ ارْفَعْ قَبْرِي مِنَ الْأَرْضِ أَرْبَعَ أَصَابِعَ وَ رُشَّ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْمَاءِ.

The Holy Prophet (SAW) said to Ali (AS), O Ali, bury me in this place, raise the surface of my grave from the ground by the width of four fingers and sprinkle water on it.”

أَتَى الْعَبَّاسُ أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع فَقَالَ يَا عَلِيُّ إِنَّ النَّاسَ قَدِ اجْتَمَعُوا أَنْ يَدْفِنُوا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ص فِي بَقِيعِ الْمُصَلَّى وَ أَنْ يَؤُمَّهُمْ رَجُلٌ مِنْهُمْ فَخَرَجَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع إِلَى النَّاسِ فَقَالَ يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ص إِمَامٌ‌[1] حَيّاً وَ مَيِّتاً وَ قَالَ إِنِّي أُدْفَنُ فِي الْبُقْعَةِ الَّتِي أُقْبَضُ فِيهَا ثُمَّ قَالَ عَلَى الْبَابِ فَصَل

“Al-‘Abbas came to Amir al-Mu’minin Ali (AS) and said, ‘O Ali, people have come in a group to bury the Messenger of Allah in Baqi’ Al Musalla, and want one of them as an Imam to lead the prayer.’ Amir al-Mu’minin Ali (AS) then came out to the people and said, “O people, the Messenger of Allah is the Imam whether dead o

لَمَّا قُبِضَ النَّبِيُّ ص صَلَّتْ عَلَيْهِ الْمَلَائِكَةُ وَ الْمُهَاجِرُونَ وَ الْأَنْصَارُ فَوْجاً فَوْجاً قَالَ- وَ قَالَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ص يَقُولُ فِي صِحَّتِهِ وَ سَلَامَتِهِ إِنَّمَا أُنْزِلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ عَلَيَّ فِي الصَّلَاةِ عَلَيَّ بَعْدَ قَبْضِ اللَّهِ لِي- إِنَّ اللَّهَ وَ مَلائِكَتَهُ يُصَلُّونَ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ يا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا صَلُّوا عَلَيْهِ وَ سَل

“When the Holy Prophet (SAW) passed away, the angels, Al Muhajirun and Al Ansar prayed over his body group after group.” The narrator has said that Amir al-Mu’minin Ali (AS) has said: “I heard the Messenger of Allah say in good health, “This verse is revealed to me about praying for me after Allah will take me away fro

قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ مَا مَعْنَى السَّلَامِ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ فَقَالَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى لَمَّا خَلَقَ نَبِيَّهُ وَ وَصِيَّهُ وَ ابْنَتَهُ وَ ابْنَيْهِ وَ جَمِيعَ الْأَئِمَّةِ وَ خَلَقَ شِيعَتَهُمْ أَخَذَ عَلَيْهِمُ الْمِيثَاقَ وَ أَنْ يَصْبِرُوا وَ يُصَابِرُوا وَ يُرَابِطُوا وَ أَنْ يَتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَ وَعَدَهُمْ أَنْ يُسَلِّمَ لَهُمُ الْأَرْضَ الْمُبَارَكَةَ وَ الْحَرَمَ الْآمِنَ وَ أ

38. Certain persons of our people have narrated from in a in a marfu‘ manner have narrated from Muhammad ibn Sinan from Dawud ibn Kathir al-Raqqi who has said that he asked abu ‘Abdallah (a.s.) the following. “What is the meaning of ‘peace be with the Messenger of Allah’?” The Imam (a.s.) said, “When Allah, the Most Ho

سَمِعْتُهُ يَقُولُ‌ اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ صَفِيِّكَ وَ خَلِيلِكَ وَ نَجِيِّكَ الْمُدَبِّرِ لِأَمْرِكَ.

39. Ibn Mahbub has narrated from ‘Abdallah ibn Sinan who has said the following. “I heard abu ‘Abdallah (a.s.) say, ‘O Lord, grant blessings up on Muhammad, Your chosen one, Your friend and Your selected one who manages Your affairs.”

كُنْتُ بِالْمَدِينَةِ وَ سَقْفُ الْمَسْجِدِ الَّذِي يُشْرِفُ عَلَى الْقَبْرِ قَدْ سَقَطَ وَ الْفَعَلَةُ يَصْعَدُونَ وَ يَنْزِلُونَ وَ نَحْنُ جَمَاعَةٌ فَقُلْتُ لِأَصْحَابِنَا مَنْ مِنْكُمْ لَهُ مَوْعِدٌ يَدْخُلُ عَلَى أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع اللَّيْلَةَ فَقَالَ مِهْرَانُ بْنُ أَبِي نَصْرٍ أَنَا وَ قَالَ إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ عَمَّارٍ الصَّيْرَفِيُّ أَنَا فَقُلْنَا لَهُمَا سَلَاهُ لَنَا عَنِ الصُّعُودِ لِنُشْرِفَ عَلَى قَب

“I was in Madina when the roof over the grave of the Holy Prophet (s.a) had crumbled down and the workers were climbing up and down (for repairs). We were a group and said to our people, “Who has an appointment with abu ‘Abdallah (a.s.)?” Mihran ibn abu Nasr said, “I have an appointment with the Imam (a.s.).” ’Isma‘il

قَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع‌ إِنَّ فَاطِمَةَ بِنْتَ أَسَدٍ جَاءَتْ إِلَى أَبِي طَالِبٍ لِتُبَشِّرَهُ بِمَوْلِدِ النَّبِيِّ ص فَقَالَ أَبُو طَالِبٍ اصْبِرِي سَبْتاً[2] أُبَشِّرْكِ بِمِثْلِهِ إِلَّا النُّبُوَّةَ وَ قَالَ السَّبْتُ ثَلَاثُونَ سَنَةً وَ كَانَ بَيْنَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ص- وَ أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع ثَلَاثُونَ سَنَةً.

“Abu ‘Abdallah (a.s.) has said, ‘Once, Fatima bint Asad came to Abu Talib with the glad news of the birth of the Holy Prophet (sw). Abu Talib said, “Wait for a sabt then I will give a similar glad news except prophet-hood.” The Imam (a.s.) said, “A sabt is thirty years. Amir al-Mu’minin (a.s.) was born thirty years aft

إِنَّ فَاطِمَةَ بِنْتَ أَسَدٍ أُمَّ أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ كَانَتْ أَوَّلَ امْرَأَةٍ هَاجَرَتْ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ص مِنْ مَكَّةَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ عَلَى قَدَمَيْهَا وَ كَانَتْ مِنْ أَبَرِّ النَّاسِ- بِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ص فَسَمِعَتْ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ وَ هُوَ يَقُولُ إِنَّ النَّاسَ يُحْشَرُونَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ عُرَاةً كَمَا وُلِدُوا فَقَالَتْ وَا سَوْأَتَاهْ فَقَالَ لَهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص فَإِنِّي أَسْأَلُ اللَّهَ

Indeed, Fatimah daughter of Asad, the mother of the Commander of the Faithful, was the first woman to migrate on foot to the Messenger of God (s) from Mecca to Medina. She was among the people most devoted and most kind toward the Messenger of God (s). She heard the Messenger of God (s) saying, ‘People will be gathered

سَمِعْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع يَقُولُ‌ لَمَّا وُلِدَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص فُتِحَ لآِمِنَةَ بَيَاضُ فَارِسَ وَ قُصُورُ الشَّامِ فَجَاءَتْ فَاطِمَةُ بِنْتُ أَسَدٍ أُمُّ أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِلَى أَبِي طَالِبٍ ضَاحِكَةً مُسْتَبْشِرَةً فَأَعْلَمَتْهُ مَا قَالَتْ آمِنَةُ فَقَالَ لَهَا أَبُو طَالِبٍ وَ تَتَعَجَّبِينَ مِنْ هَذَا إِنَّكِ تَحْبَلِينَ وَ تَلِدِينَ بِوَصِيِّهِ وَ وَزِيرِهِ.

“I heard abu ‘Abdallah (a.s.) say, ‘When the Messenger of Allah was born the whiteness (houses) of the Persian kingdom and the palaces of Sham (Syria) was shown to Amina, his mother, openly (conquered). Fatima daughter of Asad, mother of Amir al-Mu’minin Ali (a.s.) came to abu Talib laughing with glad news and explaine

لَمَّا كَانَ الْيَوْمُ الَّذِي قُبِضَ فِيهِ- أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع ارْتَجَ‌[2] الْمَوْضِعُ بِالْبُكَاءِ وَ دَهِشَ النَّاسُ كَيَوْمَ قُبِضَ النَّبِيُّ ص وَ جَاءَ رَجُلٌ بَاكِياً وَ هُوَ مُسْرِعٌ مُسْتَرْجِعٌ وَ هُوَ يَقُولُ الْيَوْمَ انْقَطَعَتْ خِلَافَةُ النُّبُوَّةِ حَتَّى وَقَفَ عَلَى بَابِ الْبَيْتِ الَّذِي فِيهِ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع فَقَالَ رَحِمَكَ اللَّهُ يَا أَبَا الْحَسَنِ كُنْتَ أَوَّلَ الْقَوْمِ إِسْ

4. A number of our people has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Isa from al-Barqi from Ahmad ibn Zayd al-Naysaburi who has said that narrated to me ‘Umar ibn Ibrahim al-Hashimi from ‘Abd al-Malik ibn ‘Umar from ’Asid ibn Safwan the companion of the Messenger of Allah who has said the following. “On the day that Ami

كُنْتُ أَنَا وَ عَامِرٌ وَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ جُذَاعَةَ الْأَزْدِيُّ عِنْدَ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع قَالَ فَقَالَ لَهُ عَامِرٌ جُعِلْتُ فِدَاكَ إِنَّ النَّاسَ يَزْعُمُونَ أَنَّ أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع دُفِنَ بِالرَّحَبَةِ قَالَ لَا قَالَ فَأَيْنَ دُفِنَ قَالَ إِنَّهُ لَمَّا مَاتَ احْتَمَلَهُ الْحَسَنُ ع فَأَتَى بِهِ ظَهْرَ الْكُوفَةِ قَرِيباً مِنَ النَّجَفِ يَسْرَةً عَنِ الْغَرِيِّ يَمْنَةً عَنِ الْحِيرَةِ فَدَفَنَه

“Once I, ‘Amir and ‘Abdallah ibn Judha'a al-’Azdi were in the presence of abu ‘Abdallah (a.s.). The narrator has said that ‘Amir said to The Imam (a.s.), "May I be sacrificed for you, people think that Amir al-Mu’minin (a.s.) was buried in al-Rahba (an open space near the mosque of Kufa).” He (a.s.) responded, “No (he

أَتَانِي عُمَرُ بْنُ يَزِيدَ فَقَالَ لِي ارْكَبْ فَرَكِبْتُ مَعَهُ فَمَضَيْنَا حَتَّى أَتَيْنَا مَنْزِلَ حَفْصٍ الْكُنَاسِيِّ فَاسْتَخْرَجْتُهُ فَرَكِبَ مَعَنَا ثُمَّ مَضَيْنَا حَتَّى أَتَيْنَا الْغَرِيَّ فَانْتَهَيْنَا إِلَى قَبْرٍ فَقَالَ انْزِلُوا هَذَا قَبْرُ أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع فَقُلْنَا مِنْ أَيْنَ عَلِمْتَ فَقَالَ أَتَيْتُهُ مَعَ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع حَيْثُ كَانَ بِالْحِيرَةِ غَيْرَ مَرَّةٍ وَ خَبَّرَنِ

“Once ‘Umar ibn yazid came to me and said, “Ride with us and rode with them and went until we came to the house of Hafs al-Kunasi. He took him also with us and we continued the journey until we arrived at al-Ghari and to the grave. He said, “dismount, this is the grave of Amir al-Mu’minin Ali (a.s.).” We asked him, “Ho

سَمِعْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع يَقُولُ‌ إِنَّ أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع لَهُ خُئُولَةٌ فِي بَنِي مَخْزُومٍ وَ إِنَّ شَابّاً مِنْهُمْ أَتَاهُ فَقَالَ يَا خَالِي إِنَّ أَخِي مَاتَ وَ قَدْ حَزِنْتُ عَلَيْهِ حُزْناً شَدِيداً قَالَ فَقَالَ لَهُ تَشْتَهِي أَنْ تَرَاهُ قَالَ بَلَى قَالَ فَأَرِنِي قَبْرَهُ قَالَ فَخَرَجَ وَ مَعَهُ بُرْدَةُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ص مُتَّزِراً بِهَا فَلَمَّا انْتَهَى إِلَى الْقَبْرِ تَلَمْلَمَتْ‌[1]

“I heard Abu ‘Abdallah (a.s.) say, ‘Amir al-Mu’minin Ali (a.s.) had maternal nephews in tribe of descendant of Makhzum and a young man from them came to him (Amir al-Mu’minin Ali (a.s.) and said, “Uncle, my brother has died and I am very sad because of his death.” The narrator has said that he asked him, “Do you want t

لَمَّا قُبِضَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع قَامَ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ ع فِي مَسْجِدِ الْكُوفَةِ فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَ أَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ وَ صَلَّى عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ص ثُمَّ قَالَ أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ إِنَّهُ قَدْ قُبِضَ فِي هَذِهِ اللَّيْلَةِ رَجُلٌ مَا سَبَقَهُ الْأَوَّلُونَ وَ لَا يُدْرِكُهُ الْآخِرُونَ إِنَّهُ كَانَ لَصَاحِبَ رَايَةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ص عَنْ يَمِينِهِ جَبْرَئِيلُ وَ عَنْ يَسَارِهِ مِيكَائِيلُ لَا يَنْثَنِي‌[2

“When Amir al-Mu’minin Ali (a.s.) passed away, al-Hasan ibn Ali stoop up in the Mosque if Kufa. He praises Allah and spoke of His Glory prayed to Allah to grant blessings up on the Holy Prophet (s.a) and then he said this. People tonight a man has passed away the like whom can not be found in previous and the coming ge

قَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع‌ لَمَّا غُسِلَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع نُودُوا مِنْ جَانِبِ الْبَيْتِ إِنْ أَخَذْتُمْ مُقَدَّمَ السَّرِيرِ كُفِيتُمْ مُؤَخَّرَهُ وَ إِنْ أَخَذْتُمْ مُؤَخَّرَهُ كُفِيتُمْ مُقَدَّمَهُ.

“When Amir al-Mu’minin Ali (a.s.) was washed for burial they called from the side of the house, “If you would lift up the front of the coffin you would not need to lift up the back of the coffin and if you would lift up the back side then you would not need to lift up the front side.”

سَمِعْتُ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ ع يَقُولُ‌ وُلِدَتْ فَاطِمَةُ بِنْتُ مُحَمَّدٍ ص- بَعْدَ مَبْعَثِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ بِخَمْسِ سِنِينَ وَ تُوُفِّيَتْ وَ لَهَا ثَمَانَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً وَ خَمْسَةٌ وَ سَبْعُونَ يَوْماً[3].

10. ‘Abdallah ibn Ja‘far and Sa‘d ibn ‘Abdallah together have narrated from Ibrahim ibn Mahziyar from his brother, Ali ibn Mahziyar from al-Hassan ibn Mahbub from Hisham ibn Salim from Habib al-Sajistani who has said the following. “I heard abu Ja‘far (a.s.) say, “Fatima, daughter of the Holy Prophet (s.a) was born fiv

أَنَّهُ سَمِعَهُ يَقُولُ‌ لَمَّا قُبِضَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع أَخْرَجَهُ الْحَسَنُ وَ الْحُسَيْنُ وَ رَجُلَانِ آخَرَانِ حَتَّى إِذَا خَرَجُوا مِنَ الْكُوفَةِ تَرَكُوهَا عَنْ أَيْمَانِهِمْ‌[1] ثُمَّ أَخَذُوا فِي الْجَبَّانَةِ[2] حَتَّى مَرُّوا بِهِ إِلَى الْغَرِيِّ فَدَفَنُوهُ وَ سَوَّوْا قَبْرَهُ فَانْصَرَفُوا.

When Amir al-Mu’minin Ali (a.s.) died, al-Hassan and al-Husayn and two other man carried his body out until they went out of Kufa. They continued with Kufa on their right and then they moved forwards on the path of Jabana until they passed al-Ghari. They then buried him and leveelled his grave and then return (home).”

إِنَّ فَاطِمَةَ ع مَكَثَتْ بَعْدَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ص خَمْسَةً وَ سَبْعِينَ يَوْماً وَ كَانَ دَخَلَهَا حُزْنٌ شَدِيدٌ عَلَى أَبِيهَا وَ كَانَ يَأْتِيهَا جَبْرَئِيلُ ع فَيُحْسِنُ عَزَاءَهَا عَلَى أَبِيهَا وَ يُطَيِّبُ نَفْسَهَا وَ يُخْبِرُهَا عَنْ أَبِيهَا وَ مَكَانِهِ وَ يُخْبِرُهَا بِمَا يَكُونُ بَعْدَهَا فِي ذُرِّيَّتِهَا وَ كَانَ عَلِيٌّ ع يَكْتُبُ ذَلِكَ.

“Fatima remained (alive) after (the death of) the Messenger of Allah (sw) for seventy-five days. She experienced profound sorrow for her father. Jibril (a.s.) would visit her, console her over her father's loss, comfort her heart, inform her about her father and his whereabouts, and inform her of what would happen to h

إِنَّ فَاطِمَةَ ع صِدِّيقَةٌ شَهِيدَةٌ وَ إِنَّ بَنَاتِ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ لَا يَطْمَثْنَ.

“Fatima is truthful and a martyr. The daughters of prophets do not experience menses.”

لَمَّا قُبِضَتْ فَاطِمَةُ ع دَفَنَهَا أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ سِرّاً وَ عَفَا عَلَى مَوْضِعِ قَبْرِهَا ثُمَّ قَامَ فَحَوَّلَ وَجْهَهُ إِلَى قَبْرِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ص فَقَالَ السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ‌ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ عَنِّي وَ السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ عَنِ ابْنَتِكَ وَ زَائِرَتِكَ وَ الْبَائِتَةِ فِي الثَّرَى بِبُقْعَتِكَ وَ الْمُخْتَارِ اللَّهُ لَهَا سُرْعَةَ اللَّحَاقِ بِكَ قَلَّ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ عَنْ صَفِيَّتِكَ صَبْرِي

“When Fatima (sa) passed away, Amir al-Mu’minin Ali (as) buried her secretly and camouflaged the location of her grave. Then he stood up and turned his face towards the grave of Rasulullah (sa) and said, ‘Peace be upon you, Oh Rasullulah from me and from your daughter - your visitor, and the one who rests in the earth

قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع مَنْ غَسَلَ فَاطِمَةَ قَالَ ذَاكَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَ كَأَنِّي اسْتَعْظَمْتُ ذَلِكَ مِنْ قَوْلِهِ فَقَالَ كَأَنَّكَ ضِقْتَ بِمَا أَخْبَرْتُكَ بِهِ قَالَ فَقُلْتُ قَدْ كَانَ ذَاكَ جُعِلْتُ فِدَاكَ قَالَ فَقَالَ لَا تَضِيقَنَّ فَإِنَّهَا صِدِّيقَةٌ وَ لَمْ يَكُنْ يَغْسِلُهَا إِلَّا صِدِّيقٌ أَ مَا عَلِمْتَ أَنَّ مَرْيَمَ لَمْ يَغْسِلْهَا إِلَّا عِيسَى.

“I asked Abu ‘Abdallah (a.s.), 'Who washed Fatima (for burial)?' He replied, 'Amir al-Mu’minin (a.s.) did.' My reaction to his words seemed to be an extraordinary one. He said, 'You seem troubled by what I said.' The narrator has said that I replied, 'Yes, may I be your ransom, it is so.' The narrator has said that the

أَمَا وَ اللَّهِ يَا ابْنَ الْخَطَّابِ لَوْ لَا أَنِّي أَكْرَهُ أَنْ يُصِيبَ الْبَلَاءُ مَنْ لَا ذَنْبَ لَهُ لَعَلِمْتَ أَنِّي سَأُقْسِمُ عَلَى اللَّهِ ثُمَّ أَجِدُهُ سَرِيعَ الْإِجَابَةِ.

“During the time of their doing (setting the door on fire) what they did Fatima held ‘Umar by his collar and pulled (down) saying, “By Allah, O son of al-Khattab, had I not disliked to inflicting calamity up on the innocent people, you would have learned how quickly my swearing up on Allah would have brought the swift

لَمَّا وُلِدَتْ فَاطِمَةُ ع أَوْحَى اللَّهُ إِلَى مَلَكٍ فَأَنْطَقَ بِهِ لِسَانَ مُحَمَّدٍ ص فَسَمَّاهَا فَاطِمَةَ ثُمَّ قَالَ إِنِّي فَطَمْتُكِ بِالْعِلْمِ وَ فَطَمْتُكِ مِنَ الطَّمْثِ ثُمَّ قَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ ع وَ اللَّهِ لَقَدْ فَطَمَهَا اللَّهُ بِالْعِلْمِ وَ عَنِ الطَّمْثِ فِي الْمِيثَاقِ.

“When Fatima (a.s.) was born Allah sent an angel to make the tongue of Muhammad (sw) call her ‘Fatima’. Then he said, “I set you free (from ignorance) with knowledge and set you free from menses.” Abu Ja‘far (a.s.) then said, “By Allah, He had set her free with knowledge (from ignorance) and from menses at the time uni

قَالَ النَّبِيُّ ص لِفَاطِمَةَ ع يَا فَاطِمَةُ قُومِي فَأَخْرِجِي تِلْكَ الصَّحْفَةَ[1] فَقَامَتْ فَأَخْرَجَتْ صَحْفَةً فِيهَا ثَرِيدٌ وَ عُرَاقٌ يَفُورُ فَأَكَلَ النَّبِيُّ ص وَ عَلِيٌّ وَ فَاطِمَةُ وَ الْحَسَنُ وَ الْحُسَيْنُ ثَلَاثَةَ عَشَرَ يَوْماً ثُمَّ إِنَّ أُمَّ أَيْمَنَ رَأَتِ الْحُسَيْنَ مَعَهُ شَيْ‌ءٌ فَقَالَتْ لَهُ مِنْ أَيْنَ لَكَ هَذَا قَالَ إِنَّا لَنَأْكُلُهُ مُنْذُ أَيَّامٍ فَأَتَتْ أُمُّ أَيْمَنَ فَ

“Once the Holy Prophet (s.a) said to Fatima, “Rise and bring that tray.” She went and took out the tray with fresh bread and steaming meat on it. The Holy Prophet (s.a), Ali, Fatima, al-Hassan and al-Husayn (a.s.) continued to have their meals from it for thirteen days. Then ’Umm Ayman saw al-Husayn with certain things

سَمِعْتُ أَبَا الْحَسَنِ ع يَقُولُ‌ بَيْنَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص جَالِسٌ إِذْ دَخَلَ عَلَيْهِ مَلَكٌ لَهُ أَرْبَعَةٌ وَ عِشْرُونَ وَجْهاً فَقَالَ لَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص حَبِيبِي جَبْرَئِيلُ لَمْ أَرَكَ فِي مِثْلِ هَذِهِ الصُّورَةِ قَالَ الْمَلَكُ لَسْتُ بِجَبْرَئِيلَ يَا مُحَمَّدُ بَعَثَنِي اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ أَنْ أُزَوِّجَ النُّورَ مِنَ النُّورِ قَالَ مَنْ مِمَّنْ قَالَ- فَاطِمَةَ مِنْ عَلِيٍّ قَالَ فَلَمَّا وَلَّى

“I heard abu al-Hassan (a.s.) say, ‘Once when the Messenger of Allah was sitting an angel who had twenty four faces came to him. The Messenger of Allah said to him, “My friend Jibril, I had not seen you in this form before.” The angel said, “ Iam not Jibril, O Muhammad. Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most gracious, has

سَأَلْتُ الرِّضَا ع عَنْ قَبْرِ فَاطِمَةَ ع فَقَالَ دُفِنَتْ فِي بَيْتِهَا فَلَمَّا زَادَتْ بَنُو أُمَيَّةَ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ صَارَتْ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ.

“I asked al-Rida (a.s.) about the grave of Fatima (a.s.). He said, “She was buried in her own house. When the Umayyads enlarged the Mosque it became part of the Mosque.”

سَمِعْتُهُ يَقُولُ‌ لَوْ لَا أَنَّ اللَّهَ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى خَلَقَ أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع لِفَاطِمَةَ مَا كَانَ لَهَا كُفْوٌ عَلَى ظَهْرِ الْأَرْضِ مِنْ آدَمَ وَ مَنْ دُونَهُ.

“I heard abu ‘Abdallah (a.s.) say, ‘Had Allah not created Amir al-Mu’minin Ali (a.s.) for Fatima, there would been no match on earth for her from Adam to the end.”

فِيكَ مَا قَالَ وَ قَدْ حَجَجْتَ عِشْرِينَ حَجَّةً مَاشِياً وَ قَدْ قَاسَمْتَ مَالَكَ ثَلَاثَ مَرَّاتٍ حَتَّى النَّعْلَ بِالنَّعْلِ فَقَالَ إِنَّمَا أَبْكِي لِخَصْلَتَيْنِ لِهَوْلِ الْمُطَّلَعِ وَ فِرَاقِ الْأَحِبَّةِ.

"When al-Hassan was about to die he wept. He was asked, 'O son of the Messenger of Allah, why would you weep, when you have such a position with the Messenger of Allah such as you have? And all the (good things) said about you. You have performed Hajj twenty times on foot and distributed all of your belongings among th

قُبِضَ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ ع وَ هُوَ ابْنُ سَبْعٍ وَ أَرْبَعِينَ سَنَةً فِي عَامِ خَمْسِينَ عَاشَ بَعْدَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ص أَرْبَعِينَ سَنَةً.

“Al-Hassan ibn Ali (a.s.) passed away at the age of forty seven in the year fifty (AH). He lived forty years after the death of the Holy Prophet (s.w).”

إِنَّ جَعْدَةَ بِنْتَ أَشْعَثَ بْنِ قَيْسٍ الْكِنْدِيِّ سَمَّتِ الْحَسَنَ بْنَ عَلِيٍّ وَ سَمَّتْ مَوْلَاةً لَهُ فَأَمَّا مَوْلَاتُهُ فَقَاءَتِ السَّمَّ وَ أَمَّا الْحَسَنُ فَاسْتَمْسَكَ فِي بَطْنِهِ ثُمَّ انْتَفَطَ بِهِ فَمَاتَ‌[1].

"Ja'da bint al-Ash‘ath ibn Qays al-Kindi poisoned al-Hassan ibn Ali (a.s.) and a female servant of the Imam (a.s.). The female servant, however, vomited the poison, but in the case of al-Hassan (a.s.) the poison remained in his digestive system and caused swelling that killed him.”

خَرَجَ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ ع فِي بَعْضِ عُمَرِهِ‌[2] وَ مَعَهُ رَجُلٌ مِنْ وُلْدِ الزُّبَيْرِ كَانَ يَقُولُ بِإِمَامَتِهِ فَنَزَلُوا فِي مَنْهَلٍ مِنْ تِلْكَ الْمَنَاهِلِ تَحْتَ نَخْلٍ يَابِسٍ قَدْ يَبِسَ مِنَ الْعَطَشِ فَفُرِشَ لِلْحَسَنِ ع تَحْتَ نَخْلَةٍ وَ فُرِشَ لِلزُّبَيْرِيِّ بِحِذَاهُ تَحْتَ نَخْلَةٍ أُخْرَى قَالَ فَقَالَ الزُّبَيْرِيُّ وَ رَفَعَ رَأْسَهُ لَوْ كَانَ فِي هَذَا النَّخْلِ رُطَبٌ لَأَكَلْنَا م

“Once al-Hassan (a.s.) went outside the town with a man from the children of al-Zubayr who believed al-Hassan to be the Imam. They stopped for rest on one of the oasis under a palm tree that had dried up due to lack of water. A furnishing was spread for Imam al-Hassan (a.s.) under that tree and for al-Zubayri the furni

إِنَّ الْحَسَنَ ع قَالَ: إِنَّ لِلَّهِ مَدِينَتَيْنِ إِحْدَاهُمَا بِالْمَشْرِقِ وَ الْأُخْرَى بِالْمَغْرِبِ عَلَيْهِمَا سُورٌ مِنْ حَدِيدٍ وَ عَلَى كُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا أَلْفُ أَلْفِ مِصْرَاعٍ وَ فِيهَا سَبْعُونَ أَلْفَ أَلْفِ لُغَةٍ يَتَكَلَّمُ كُلُّ لُغَةٍ بِخِلَافِ لُغَةِ صَاحِبِهَا وَ أَنَا أَعْرِفُ جَمِيعَ اللُّغَاتِ وَ مَا فِيهِمَا وَ مَا بَيْنَهُمَا وَ مَا عَلَيْهِمَا حُجَّةٌ غَيْرِي وَ غَيْرُ الْحُسَيْنِ أ

“Al-Hassan (a.s.) has said, ‘Allah has two cities. One is in the east and the other is in the west. They have a boundary around them that is made of iron and each one has a million doors. Seven thousand different languages exist therein and I know all those languages and all that is in and between them, and there is no