Sin & Temptation

دَخَلْتُ عَلَى أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع وَ فِي يَدِهِ رُمَّانَةٌ فَقَالَ يَا مُعَتِّبُ أَعْطِهِ رُمَّانَةً فَإِنِّي لَمْ أُشْرَكْ فِي شَيْ‌ءٍ أَبْغَضَ إِلَيَّ مِنْ أَنْ أُشْرَكَ فِي رُمَّانَةٍ ثُمَّ احْتَجَمَ وَ أَمَرَنِي أَنْ أَحْتَجِمَ فَاحْتَجَمْتُ ثُمَّ دَعَا بِرُمَّانَةٍ أُخْرَى ثُمَّ قَالَ يَا يَزِيدُ أَيُّمَا مُؤْمِنٍ أَكَلَ رُمَّانَةً حَتَّى يَسْتَوْفِيَهَا أَذْهَبَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ الشَّيْطَانَ عَنْ إِنَ

“I once visited abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), and there was a pomegranate in his hand. He (the Imam) said, ‘O Mu‘attib give him a pomegranate; sharing of no other thing is more hateful to me than sharing a pomegranate.’ He (the Imam) then applied cupping and I also applied cupping. He (the Imam) then asked for another pomegra

سَمِعْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع يَقُولُ‌ عَلَيْكُمْ بِالرُّمَّانِ الْحُلْوِ فَكُلُوهُ فَإِنَّهُ لَيْسَتْ مِنْ حَبَّةٍ تَقَعُ فِي مَعِدَةِ مُؤْمِنٍ إِلَّا أَبَادَتْ دَاءً وَ أَطْفَأَتْ شَيْطَانَ الْوَسْوَسَةِ عَنْهُ‌[1].

‘You must eat sweet pomegranate. Every grain that reaches the stomach of a believing person; it abolishes the illnesses and extinguishes the temptation of Satan thereof.’”

سَمِعْتُ أَبَا الْحَسَنِ ع يَعْنِي الْأَوَّلَ يَقُولُ‌ مَنْ أَكَلَ رُمَّانَةً يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ عَلَى الرِّيقِ نَوَّرَتْ قَلْبَهُ أَرْبَعِينَ صَبَاحاً فَإِنْ أَكَلَ رُمَّانَتَيْنِ فَثَمَانِينَ يَوْماً فَإِنْ أَكَلَ ثَلَاثاً فَمِائَةً وَ عِشْرِينَ يَوْماً وَ طَرَدَتْ عَنْهُ وَسْوَسَةَ الشَّيْطَانِ وَ مَنْ طُرِدَتْ عَنْهُ وَسْوَسَةُ الشَّيْطَانِ لَمْ يَعْصِ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ وَ مَنْ لَمْ يَعْصِ اللَّهَ أَدْخَلَهُ

“I once heard abu al-Hassan, al-Awwal (a.s.), saying, ‘If one eats pomegranate on Friday before breakfast his heart becomes bright for forty mornings. If one eats two pomegranates, it then is eighty days, if one eats three pomegranates, it then is three hundred and twenty days and temptation of Satan is kept away from

أَخَذَنِي الْعَبَّاسُ بْنُ مُوسَى فَأَمَرَ فَوُجِئَ فَمِي‌[1] فَتَزَعْزَعَتْ أَسْنَانِي فَلَا أَقْدِرُ أَنْ أَمْضَغَ الطَّعَامَ فَرَأَيْتُ أَبِي فِي الْمَنَامِ وَ مَعَهُ شَيْخٌ لَا أَعْرِفُهُ فَقَالَ أَبِي رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ سَلِّمْ عَلَيْهِ فَقُلْتُ يَا أَبَهْ مَنْ هُوَ فَقَالَ هَذَا أَبُو شَيْبَةَ الْخُرَاسَانِيُ‌[2] قَالَ فَسَلَّمْتُ عَلَيْهِ فَقَالَ مَا لِي أَرَاكَ هَكَذَا قَالَ قُلْتُ إِنَّ الْفَاسِقَ الْعَبَّاسَ

“Al-‘ Abbas ibn Musa took me and commanded to hit my mouth, so my teeth became shaky and I could not chew food. I then saw my father in my dream. There was an old man with him whom I could not recognize. My father, may Allah grant him mercy, said to me to offer greeting of peace to him.’ I then asked, ‘Father, who is h

كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص إِذَا شَرِبَ الْمَاءَ قَالَ- الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي سَقَانَا عَذْباً زُلَالًا وَ لَمْ يَسْقِنَا مِلْحاً أُجَاجاً وَ لَمْ يُؤَاخِذْنَا بِذُنُوبِنَا.

‘The Messenger of Allah, O Allah, grant compensation to Muhammad and his family worthy of their services to Your cause, when drinking water would say, ‘All praise belongs to Allah, who has given us cool and clear water and not of salty and foul smelling kind, and has not yet questioned us because of our sins.’”

سَأَلَهُ رَجُلٌ فَقَالَ لَهُ أَصْلَحَكَ اللَّهُ شُرْبُ الْخَمْرِ شَرٌّ أَمْ تَرْكُ الصَّلَاةِ فَقَالَ شُرْبُ الْخَمْرِ ثُمَّ قَالَ أَ وَ تَدْرِي لِمَ ذَاكَ قَالَ لَا قَالَ لِأَنَّهُ يَصِيرُ فِي حَالٍ لَا يَعْرِفُ مَعَهَا رَبَّهُ.

“Once a man asked abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), saying, ‘I pray to Allah to keep my soul in service for your cause, is drinking wine more evil or not performing Salat (prayer)?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘Drinking wine is more evil.’ He (the Imam) then said, ‘Do you know why?’ The man said, ‘No, I do not know.’ He (the Imam) said,

قَالا إِنَّ الْخَمْرَ رَأْسُ كُلِّ إِثْمٍ

“Abu ‘Abd Allah, and abu Ja‘far, ‘Alayhim al-Salam, have made it clear that wine is the head of all sins.’”

قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص‌ إِنَّ الْخَمْرَ رَأْسُ كُلِّ إِثْمٍ.

‘Wine is the head of all sins.’”

الشُّرْبُ مِفْتَاحُ كُلِّ شَرٍّ وَ مُدْمِنُ الْخَمْرِ كَعَابِدِ وَثَنٍ وَ إِنَّ الْخَمْرَ رَأْسُ كُلِّ إِثْمٍ وَ شَارِبَهَا مُكَذِّبٌ بِكِتَابِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى لَوْ صَدَّقَ كِتَابَ اللَّهِ حَرَّمَ حَرَامَهُ.

“Abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), has said, ‘Drinking wine is the key to all evil and a wine addict is like an idol worshipper. Wine is the head of all sins and a wine drinker is a rejecter of the book of Allah, most High; had he accepted the book of Allah he would consider what it declares unlawful as unlawful.’”

قَالَ: إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ جَعَلَ لِلشَّرِّ أَقْفَالًا وَ جَعَلَ مَفَاتِيحَهَا أَوْ قَالَ مَفَاتِيحَ تِلْكَ الْأَقْفَالِ الشَّرَابَ.

“Abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), has said, ‘Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, has made for every evil thing a lock and He has made its keys’ or he (the Imam) said, ‘the keys to those locks to be wine.’”

إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ جَعَلَ لِلْمَعْصِيَةِ بَيْتاً ثُمَّ جَعَلَ لِلْبَيْتِ بَاباً ثُمَّ جَعَلَ لِلْبَابِ غَلَقاً ثُمَّ جَعَلَ لِلْغَلَقِ مِفْتَاحاً فَمِفْتَاحُ الْمَعْصِيَةِ الْخَمْرُ.

“One of the two Imam, (abu Ja‘far or abu ‘Abd Allah), ‘Alayhim al-Salam, has said that Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, has made a house for sins. For this house He has made a door, for the door He has made a lock and for the lock He has made a key, the key to disobedience is wine.’”

مَا عُصِيَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ بِشَيْ‌ءٍ أَشَدَّ مِنْ شُرْبِ الْخَمْرِ إِنَّ أَحَدَهُمْ لَيَدَعُ الصَّلَاةَ الْفَرِيضَةَ وَ يَثِبُ عَلَى أُمِّهِ وَ أُخْتِهِ وَ ابْنَتِهِ وَ هُوَ لَا يَعْقِلُ.

“One of the two Imam, (abu Ja‘far or abu ‘Abd Allah), ‘Alayhim al-Salam, has said, ‘Allah is not disobeyed by anything more severely than by drinking wine. One of them may neglect obligatory Salat (prayer), fall on his mother, sister or daughter when drunk and be devoid of reason.’”

قِيلَ لِأَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع إِنَّكَ تَزْعُمُ أَنَّ شُرْبَ الْخَمْرِ أَشَدُّ مِنَ الزِّنَا وَ السَّرِقَةِ فَقَالَ ع نَعَمْ إِنَّ صَاحِبَ الزِّنَا لَعَلَّهُ‌[1] لَا يَعْدُوهُ إِلَى غَيْرِهِ وَ إِنَّ شَارِبَ الْخَمْرِ إِذَا شَرِبَ الْخَمْرَ زَنَى وَ سَرَقَ وَ قَتَلَ النَّفْسَ الَّتِي حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ وَ تَرَكَ الصَّلَاةَ.

“It was said to ’Amir al-Mu’minin (a.s.), ‘You think that drinking wine is a sin which is more serious than fornication and theft.’ He (the Imam) said, ‘Yes, because a fornicator perhaps does not extend it to other sins but a wine drinker when he drinks, fornicates, steals and murders a soul which Allah, most Majestic,

شُرْبُ الْخَمْرِ مِفْتَاحُ كُلِّ شَرٍّ.

“Abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), has said, ‘Drinking wine is the key to all evil.’”

سَأَلَ الْمَهْدِيُّ أَبَا الْحَسَنِ ع عَنِ الْخَمْرِ هَلْ هِيَ مُحَرَّمَةٌ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ فَإِنَّ النَّاسَ إِنَّمَا يَعْرِفُونَ النَّهْيَ عَنْهَا وَ لَا يَعْرِفُونَ التَّحْرِيمَ لَهَا فَقَالَ لَهُ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ ع بَلْ هِيَ مُحَرَّمَةٌ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ فَقَالَ لَهُ فِي أَيِّ مَوْضِعٍ هِيَ مُحَرَّمَةٌ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ جَلَّ اسْمُهُ يَا أَبَا الْحَسَن

“Al-Mahdiy once asked abu al-Hassan (a.s.), about wine; if it is made unlawful in the book of Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, because people know it is prohibited and they do not know if it is unlawful. Abu al-Hassan (a.s.), said to him, ‘Yes, it is unlawful in the book of Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, O ’A

أَنَّ الْإِثْمَ مِمَّا يَنْبَغِي‌ اجْتِنَابُهُ وَ لَا يَحْمِلُ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ كُلِّ طَرِيقٍ لِأَنَّهُ قَالَ‌ وَ مَنافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ‌ ثُمَّ أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ آيَةً أُخْرَى- إِنَّمَا الْخَمْرُ وَ الْمَيْسِرُ وَ الْأَنْصابُ وَ الْأَزْلامُ رِجْسٌ مِنْ عَمَلِ الشَّيْطانِ فَاجْتَنِبُوهُ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ‌[1] فَكَانَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ أَشَدَّ مِنَ الْأُولَى وَ أَغْلَظَ فِي التَّحْر

2. Certain persons of our people have, in mursal manner, narrated the following: “He (the Imam), ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said, ‘The first thing about the unlawfulness of wine is in the words of Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, “They ask you about wine and gambling. Say, ‘There is great sin in them and benefits for pe

أَقْبَلَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ ع فِي الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ فَنَظَرَ إِلَيْهِ قَوْمٌ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ فَقَالُوا مَنْ هَذَا فَقِيلَ لَهُمْ إِمَامُ أَهْلِ الْعِرَاقِ فَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ لَوْ بَعَثْتُمْ إِلَيْهِ بِبَعْضِكُمْ يَسْأَلُهُ فَأَتَاهُ شَابٌّ مِنْهُمْ فَقَالَ لَهُ يَا ابْنَ عَمِّ مَا أَكْبَرُ الْكَبَائِرِ قَالَ شُرْبُ الْخَمْرِ فَأَتَاهُمْ فَأَخْبَرَهُمْ فَقَالُوا لَهُ عُدْ إِلَيْهِ فَعَادَ إِلَيْهِ فَقَالَ لَهُ أَ لَمْ

“Once abu Ja‘far (a.s.), went to Masjid al-Haram (the Sacred area). A group of Quraysh saw him. They asked, ‘Who is he?’ It was said to them, ‘He is the Imam of the people of Iraq.’ Certain ones among them said, ‘You may send someone to ask him questions.’ One young man from among them went and asked, ‘Son of my uncle,

قَالَ النَّبِيُّ ص‌ نَفَقَةُ دِرْهَمٍ فِي الْخِضَابِ أَفْضَلُ مِنْ نَفَقَةِ دِرْهَمٍ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ إِنَّ فِيهِ أَرْبَعَ عَشْرَةَ خَصْلَةً يَطْرُدُ الرِّيحَ مِنَ الْأُذُنَيْنِ وَ يَجْلُو الْغِشَاءَ عَنِ الْبَصَرِ وَ يُلَيِّنُ الْخَيَاشِيمَ وَ يُطَيِّبُ النَّكْهَةَ وَ يَشُدُّ اللِّثَةَ وَ يَذْهَبُ بِالْغَشَيَانِ وَ يُقِلُّ وَسْوَسَةَ الشَّيْطَانِ وَ تَفْرَحُ بِهِ الْمَلَائِكَةُ وَ يَسْتَبْشِرُ بِهِ الْمُؤْمِنُ وَ

“The Holy Prophet, O Allah, grant compensation to Muhammad and his family worthy of their services to Your cause, has said, ‘Spending one dirham on hair dye is better than spending one dirham in the way of Allah. There are fourteen advantages in it. It dispels air from the ears, brightens gloominess from the eyes, soft

إِذَا اطَّلَى بِالنُّورَةِ- اللَّهُمَّ طَيِّبْ مَا طَهُرَ مِنِّي وَ طَهِّرْ مَا طَابَ مِنِّي وَ أَبْدِلْنِي شَعْراً طَاهِراً لَا يَعْصِيكَ اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي تَطَهَّرْتُ ابْتِغَاءَ سُنَّةِ الْمُرْسَلِينَ وَ ابْتِغَاءَ رِضْوَانِكَ وَ مَغْفِرَتِكَ فَحَرِّمْ شَعْرِي وَ بَشَرِي عَلَى النَّارِ وَ طَهِّرْ خَلْقِي وَ طَيِّبْ خُلُقِي وَ زَكِّ عَمَلِي وَ اجْعَلْنِي مِمَّنْ يَلْقَاكَ عَلَى الْحَنِيفِيَّةِ السَّمْحَةِ مِلَّةِ إِ

“I once heard Ali ibn al-Husayn, ‘Alayhim al-Salam, saying, ‘When applying lime paste one should say, “O Lord, make pleasant what it has cleansed of me and cleanse what it has made pleasant of me. Replace it with clean hairs, which will not disobey You. O Lord, I have cleansed and sought to follow the Sunnah of the mes

إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَ‌ وَكَّلَ مَلَكاً بِالْبِنَاءِ يَقُولُ لِمَنْ رَفَعَ سَقْفاً فَوْقَ ثَمَانِيَةِ أَذْرُعٍ أَيْنَ تُرِيدُ يَا فَاسِقُ.

“Abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), has said, ‘Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, has appointed an angel on buildings who says to those who raise a roof higher than eight yards (arms length), “Where do you want to go, O sinful person?’””

سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع عَنْ قَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ- يا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا شَهادَةُ بَيْنِكُمْ إِذا حَضَرَ أَحَدَكُمُ الْمَوْتُ حِينَ الْوَصِيَّةِ اثْنانِ ذَوا عَدْلٍ مِنْكُمْ أَوْ آخَرانِ مِنْ غَيْرِكُمْ‌ قَالَ اللَّذَانِ مِنْكُمْ مُسْلِمَانِ وَ اللَّذَانِ مِنْ غَيْرِكُمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ فَإِنْ لَمْ تَجِدُوا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ فَمِنَ الْمَجُوسِ لِأَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ص سَنَّ فِي ال

“I once asked abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), about the meaning of the words of Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, ‘O believing people there must be two just (Muslim) witnesses when anyone of you is about to die or from other people.’ (5:106) Abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), said that in this verse, “‘The two from you”, means two Musli

سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع عَنْ رَجُلٍ أَوْصَى بِمَالِهِ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ فَقَالَ أَعْطِهِ لِمَنْ أَوْصَى بِهِ لَهُ وَ إِنْ كَانَ يَهُودِيّاً أَوْ نَصْرَانِيّاً إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى يَقُولُ- فَمَنْ بَدَّلَهُ‌ بَعْدَ ما سَمِعَهُ فَإِنَّما إِثْمُهُ عَلَى الَّذِينَ يُبَدِّلُونَهُ‌[1].

“I once asked abu ‘ Abd Allah (a.s.), about the case of a man who has made a will to spend his assets in the way of Allah. He (the Imam) said, ‘You must give it to the designated beneficiary even if he is a Christian or a Jew; Allah, most Blessed, most High, says, “Whoever intentionally changes the will of a deceased p

أَعْطِ لِمَنْ أَوْصَى لَهُ بِهِ وَ إِنْ كَانَ يَهُودِيّاً أَوْ نَصْرَانِيّاً إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى يَقُولُ- فَمَنْ بَدَّلَهُ بَعْدَ ما سَمِعَهُ فَإِنَّما إِثْمُهُ عَلَى الَّذِينَ يُبَدِّلُونَهُ‌.

“This is about the case of a man who has made a will to spend his asset in the way of Allah. One of the two Imam, (abu Ja‘far or abu ‘Abd Allah), ‘Alayhim al-Salam, has said, ‘You must give it to the designated beneficiary even if he is a Christian or a Jew; Allah, most Blessed, most High, says, “Whoever intentionally

كَتَبَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ ع إِلَى جَعْفَرٍ وَ مُوسَى وَ فِيمَا أَمَرْتُكُمَا مِنَ الْإِشْهَادِ بِكَذَا وَ كَذَا نَجَاةٌ لَكُمَا فِي آخِرَتِكُمَا وَ إِنْفَاذٌ لِمَا أَوْصَى بِهِ أَبَوَاكُمَا وَ بِرٌّ مِنْكُمَا لَهُمَا وَ احْذَرَا أَنْ لَا تَكُونَا بَدَّلْتُمَا وَصِيَّتَهُمَا وَ لَا غَيَّرْتُمَاهَا عَنْ حَالِهَا لِأَنَّهُمَا قَدْ خَرَجَا مِنْ ذَلِكَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا وَ صَارَ ذَلِكَ فِي رِقَابِكُمَا وَ قَدْ قَالَ ال

3. A number of our people have narrated from Sahl ibn Ziyad from Ali ibn Mahziyar from who has narrated the following: “Abu Ja‘far, Alayhi al-Salam, wrote to Ja‘far and Musa, this instruction. ‘In the matter of my commanding you to appoint witnesses to so and so issues; it is because it is for your safety and protectio

أَنَّ رَجُلًا كَانَ بِهَمَذَانَ ذَكَرَ أَنَّ أَبَاهُ مَاتَ وَ كَانَ لَا يَعْرِفُ هَذَا الْأَمْرَ فَأَوْصَى بِوَصِيَّةٍ عِنْدَ الْمَوْتِ وَ أَوْصَى أَنْ يُعْطَى شَيْ‌ءٌ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ فَسُئِلَ عَنْهُ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع كَيْفَ يُفْعَلُ بِهِ فَأَخْبَرْنَاهُ أَنَّهُ كَانَ لَا يَعْرِفُ هَذَا الْأَمْرَ فَقَالَ لَوْ أَنَّ رَجُلًا أَوْصَى إِلَيَّ أَنْ أَضَعَ فِي يَهُودِيٍّ أَوْ نَصْرَانِيٍّ لَوَضَعْتُهُ فِيهِمَا إِن

4. A number of our people have narrated from Sahl ibn Ziyad from Muhammad ibn al-Walid from Yunus ibn Ya’qub who has narrated the following: “A man of Hamadan has said that his father died but he did not know this fact (the Divine Authority of A’immah). He made a will when he was about to die to give something in the w

سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ امْرَأَةٍ أَوْصَتْ إِلَيَّ بِمَالٍ أَنْ يُجْعَلَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ فَقِيلَ لَهَا نَحُجُّ بِهِ فَقَالَتِ اجْعَلْهُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ فَقَالُوا لَهَا فَنُعْطِيهِ آلَ مُحَمَّدٍ ع قَالَتِ اجْعَلْهُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ فَقَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع اجْعَلْهُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ كَمَا أَمَرَتْ قُلْتُ مُرْنِي كَيْفَ أَجْعَلُهُ قَالَ اجْعَلْهُ كَمَا أَمَرَتْكَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى يَقُولُ-

“I once asked abu ‘ Abd Allah (a.s.), about the case of a woman who made a will to spend in the way of Allah. She was asked if it could be spent for al-Hajj. She said, ’Spend it in the way of Allah.’ They asked, ‘Can we give to the family of Muhammad (SAW) ?’ She said, ‘Spend it in the way of Allah.’ Abu ‘Abd Allah, Al

أَوْصَتْ مَارِدَةُ لِقَوْمٍ نَصَارَى فَرَّاشِينَ بِوَصِيَّةٍ فَقَالَ أَصْحَابُنَا اقْسِمْ هَذَا فِي فُقَرَاءِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ‌[2] مِنْ أَصْحَابِكَ فَسَأَلْتُ الرِّضَا ع فَقُلْتُ إِنَّ أُخْتِي أَوْصَتْ بِوَصِيَّةٍ لِقَوْمٍ نَصَارَى وَ أَرَدْتُ أَنْ أَصْرِفَ ذَلِكَ إِلَى قَوْمٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا مُسْلِمِينَ فَقَالَ أَمْضِ الْوَصِيَّةَ عَلَى مَا أَوْصَتْ بِهِ قَالَ اللَّهُ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى‌ فَإِنَّما إِثْمُهُ عَلَى

“Maridah made a will for the Christians who worked as maintenance people. Our people said to spend it on the poor believers of your people. I then asked al-Rida’ (a.s.), that my sister has made a will for Christian persons and I wanted to spend it for our Muslim people. He (the Imam) said, ‘You must execute the will as

قَالَ‌إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ أَطْلَقَ لِلْمُوصَى إِلَيْهِ أَنْ يُغَيِّرَ الْوَصِيَّةَ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَ كَانَ فِيهَا حَيْفٌ وَ يَرُدَّهَا إِلَى الْمَعْرُوفِ‌ لِقَوْلِهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ- فَمَنْ خافَ‌ مِنْ مُوصٍ جَنَفاً أَوْ إِثْماً فَأَصْلَحَ بَيْنَهُمْ‌ فَلا إِثْمَ عَلَيْهِ‌[1].

“He (the Imam) (a.s.), has said that Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, has given permission to the executor of the will to change a will into an acceptable form if any violation of the law exists in it. It is because of the meaning of the words of Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious. ‘One who is afraid of the testat

سَأَلْتُ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ ع- عَنْ قَوْلِ اللَّهِ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى- فَمَنْ بَدَّلَهُ بَعْدَ ما سَمِعَهُ فَإِنَّما إِثْمُهُ عَلَى الَّذِينَ يُبَدِّلُونَهُ‌ قَالَ نَسَخَتْهَا[2] الْآيَةُ الَّتِي بَعْدَهَا قَوْلُهُ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ- فَمَنْ خافَ مِنْ مُوصٍ جَنَفاً أَوْ إِثْماً فَأَصْلَحَ بَيْنَهُمْ فَلا إِثْمَ عَلَيْهِ‌ قَالَ يَعْنِي الْمُوصَى إِلَيْهِ إِنْ خَافَ جَنَفاً مِنَ الْمُوصِي فِيمَا أَوْصَى بِهِ إِلَيْهِ مِمَّا

“I once asked abu Ja‘far (a.s.), about the meaning of the words of Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, ‘Whoever intentionally changes the will of a deceased person, has committed a sin. Allah is All-hearing and All-knowing. 5 (2:181) He (the Imam) said, ‘The following verse is a (modified) copy of this verse: ‘One who

سُئِلَ عَنْ رَجُلٍ أَوْصَى بِحَجَّةٍ فَجَعَلَهَا وَصِيُّهُ فِي نَسَمَةٍ فَقَالَ يَغْرَمُهَا وَصِيُّهُ وَ يَجْعَلُهَا فِي حَجَّةٍ كَمَا أَوْصَى بِهِ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى يَقُولُ- فَمَنْ بَدَّلَهُ بَعْدَ ما سَمِعَهُ فَإِنَّما إِثْمُهُ عَلَى الَّذِينَ يُبَدِّلُونَهُ‌.

“Once abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), was asked about the case of a man who made a will for al- Hajj but the executor of his will spent it to set free an enslaved soul. He (the Imam) said, ‘The executor of the will is responsible to pay for his al-Hajj as the will required. Allah, most Blessed, most High, has said, ‘Whoever int

لَهُ رُدَّ عَلَيَّ مَالِي لِأَتَزَوَّجَ فَأَبَى عَلَيْهِ فَذَهَبَ حَتَّى زَنَى قَالَ يُلْزَمُ ثُلُثَيْ إِثْمِ زِنَى هَذَا الرَّجُلِ ذَلِكَ الْوَصِيُّ لِأَنَّهُ مَنَعَهُ الْمَالَ وَ لَمْ يُعْطِهِ فَكَانَ يَتَزَوَّجُ.

9. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Muhammad ibn al-Husayn from Muhammad ibn ‘Isa from those who narrated to him who has narrated the following: “This is about the case of a man who dies, with a will to a man, leaving behind a small son who becomes mature. He goes to the executor of the will asking him to handover

سَأَلْتُ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ ع عَنِ الْجَدِّ فَقَالَ مَا أَجِدُ أَحَداً قَالَ فِيهِ إِلَّا بِرَأْيِهِ إِلَّا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع قُلْتُ أَصْلَحَكَ اللَّهُ فَمَا قَالَ فِيهِ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع قَالَ إِذَا كَانَ غَداً فَالْقَنِي حَتَّى أُقْرِئَكَهُ فِي كِتَابٍ قُلْتُ أَصْلَحَكَ اللَّهُ حَدِّثْنِي فَإِنَّ حَدِيثَكَ أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ مِنْ أَنْ تُقْرِئَنِيهِ فِي كِتَابٍ فَقَالَ لِيَ الثَّانِيَةَ اسْمَعْ مَا أَقُولُ لَ

“I once asked abu Ja‘far (a.s.), about the grandfather. He (the Imam) said, ‘I do not find anyone who has spoken about it but that they have spoken out of their opinion except ’ Amir al- Mu’minin (a.s.). I then asked, T pray to Allah to keep you well, what has ’ Amir al- Mu’minin said about it?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘To

قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع رَجُلٌ تَرَكَ ابْنَتَهُ وَ أُخْتَهُ لِأَبِيهِ وَ أُمِّهِ فَقَالَ الْمَالُ كُلُّهُ لِلِابْنَةِ وَ لَيْسَ لِلْأُخْتِ مِنَ الْأَبِ وَ الْأُمِّ شَيْ‌ءٌ فَقُلْتُ فَإِنَّا قَدِ احْتَجْنَا إِلَى هَذَا وَ الْمَيِّتُ رَجُلٌ مِنْ هَؤُلَاءِ النَّاسِ وَ أُخْتُهُ مُؤْمِنَةٌ عَارِفَةٌ قَالَ فَخُذِ النِّصْفَ لَهَا خُذُوا مِنْهُمْ كَمَا يَأْخُذُونَ مِنْكُمْ‌[2] فِي سُنَّتِهِمْ وَ قَضَايَاهُمْ قَالَ اب

“Zurarah has said that al-‘Ammah (non-Shi‘ah) in their rules, decisions and ordained shares say something on consensus which is authoritative and binding upon them. In the case of a deceased who leaves behind his daughter or two daughters and his brother from his father and mother or his sister from his father and moth

لَا يَرِثُهَا وَ يُقْتَلُ بِهَا صَاغِراً وَ لَا أَظُنُّ قَتْلَهُ بِهَا كَفَّارَةً لِذَنْبِهِ.

“About the case of a man who kills his mother, abu Ja‘far (a.s.), has said, ‘He cannot inherit from her. Instead he is executed against his wishes and I do not think that his execution can remedy his sin.’”

رَجَمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص وَ لَمْ يَجْلِدْ وَ ذَكَرُوا أَنَّ عَلِيّاً ع رَجَمَ بِالْكُوفَةِ وَ جَلَدَ فَأَنْكَرَ ذَلِكَ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع وَ قَالَ مَا نَعْرِفُ هَذَا أَيْ لَمْ يَحُدَّ رَجُلًا حَدَّيْنِ رَجْمٌ وَ ضَرْبٌ فِي ذَنْبٍ وَاحِدٍ.

Ali Bin Ibrahim, from Muhammad Bin Isa, from Yunus, from Aban, from Abu Al Abbas, Abu Abdullah asws having said: ‘Rasool-Allah saww stoned and did not whip’. And they (people) mentioned that Ali asws stoned and Al-Kufa and whipped. So Abu Abdullah asws denied that and said: ‘We asws do not know this, i.e., why would he

أَصْحَابُ الْكَبَائِرِ كُلِّهَا إِذَا أُقِيمَ عَلَيْهِمُ الْحَدُّ مَرَّتَيْنِ قُتِلُوا فِي الثَّالِثَةِ.

Muhammad Bin Yahya, from Ahmad Bin Muhammad, from Safwan, from Yunus, (It has been narrated) from Abu Al Hassan ‘Al-Maazy’ (the 7 th Imam asws ) having said: ‘The committers of the major sins, all of them, when the Penalty ( Hadd ) is established twice upon them, they would be killed (after) the third’.

بَيْنَا أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع فِي مَلَإٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ إِذْ أَتَاهُ رَجُلٌ فَقَالَ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِنِّي قَدْ أَوْقَبْتُ عَلَى غُلَامٍ فَطَهِّرْنِي فَقَالَ لَهُ يَا هَذَا امْضِ إِلَى مَنْزِلِكَ لَعَلَّ مِرَاراً هَاجَ بِكَ فَلَمَّا كَانَ مِنْ غَدٍ عَادَ إِلَيْهِ فَقَالَ لَهُ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِنِّي أَوْقَبْتُ عَلَى غُلَامٍ فَطَهِّرْنِي فَقَالَ لَهُ يَا هَذَا امْضِ إِلَى مَنْزِلِكَ لَعَلَّ م

ع َلِيُّ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنِ ابْنِ مَحْبُوبٍ عَنِ ابْنِ رِئَابٍ عَنْ مَالِكِ بْنِ عَطِيَّةَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ( عليه السلام ) قَالَ بَيْنَا أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ( عليه السلام ) فِي مَلَإٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ إِذْ أَتَاهُ رَجُلٌ فَقَالَ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِنِّي قَدْ أَوْقَبْتُ عَلَى غُلَا

إِنْ كَانَتِ الْبَهِيمَةُ لِلْفَاعِلِ ذُبِحَتْ فَإِذَا مَاتَتْ أُحْرِقَتْ بِالنَّارِ وَ لَمْ يُنْتَفَعْ بِهَا وَ ضُرِبَ هُوَ خَمْسَةً وَ عِشْرِينَ سَوْطاً رُبُعَ حَدِّ الزَّانِي وَ إِنْ لَمْ تَكُنِ الْبَهِيمَةُ لَهُ قُوِّمَتْ فَأُخِذَ ثَمَنُهَا مِنْهُ وَ دُفِعَ إِلَى صَاحِبِهَا وَ ذُبِحَتْ وَ أُحْرِقَتْ بِالنَّارِ وَ لَمْ يُنْتَفَعْ بِهَا وَ ضُرِبَ خَمْسَةً وَ عِشْرِينَ سَوْطاً فَقُلْتُ وَ مَا ذَنْبُ الْبَهِيمَةِ فَق

Ali Bin Muhammad, from Salih Bin Abu Hammad, from one of his companions, from Yunus, from Abdullah Bin Sinan, (It has been narrated) from Abu Abdullah asws , and Al-Husayn Bin Khalid, from Abu Al-Hassan Al-Reza asws , and Sabbah Al-Haza’a, from Is’haq Bin Ammar from Abu Ibrahim asws (7 th Imam asws ), regarding the man

كَانَ عَلَى عَهْدِ أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ع رَجُلَانِ مُتَوَاخِيَانِ فِي اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ فَمَاتَ أَحَدُهُمَا وَ أَوْصَى إِلَى الْآخَرِ فِي حِفْظِ بُنَيَّةٍ كَانَتْ لَهُ فَحَفِظَهَا الرَّجُلُ وَ أَنْزَلَهَا مَنْزِلَةَ وَلَدِهِ فِي اللُّطْفِ وَ الْإِكْرَامِ وَ التَّعَاهُدِ ثُمَّ حَضَرَهُ سَفَرٌ فَخَرَجَ وَ أَوْصَى امْرَأَتَهُ فِي الصَّبِيَّةِ فَأَطَالَ السَّفَرَ حَتَّى إِذَا أَدْرَكَتِ الصَّبِيَّةُ وَ كَانَ لَهَ

Ali Bin Ibrahim, from Muhammad Bin Isa Bin Ubeyd, from Yunus, from one of his companions, raising it, said, ‘It was in the era of Amir Al-Momineen, two men had established brotherhood between themselves for the Sake of Allah azwj Mighty and Majestic. So, one of the two died and bequeathed to the other regarding the pro

أَصْحَابُ الْكَبَائِرِ كُلِّهَا إِذَا أُقِيمَ عَلَيْهِمُ الْحُدُودُ مَرَّتَيْنِ قُتِلُوا فِي الثَّالِثَةِ.

Muhammad, from Ahmad Bin Muhammad, from Safwan, from Yunus, (It has been narrated) from Abu Al-Hassan Al-Maazy asws (7 th Imam asws ) having said: ‘The commiters of the major sins, all of them, the Penalty ( Hadd ) would be established upon them twice. They would be killed during the third’.

قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع كَمِ التَّعْزِيرُ فَقَالَ دُونَ الْحَدِّ قَالَ قُلْتُ دُونَ ثَمَانِينَ قَالَ فَقَالَ لَا وَ لَكِنْ دُونَ الْأَرْبَعِينَ فَإِنَّهُ حَدُّ الْمَمْلُوكِ قَالَ قُلْتُ وَ كَمْ ذَلِكَ قَالَ قَالَ عَلَى قَدْرِ مَا يَرَى الْوَالِي مِنْ ذَنْبِ الرَّجُلِ وَ قُوَّةِ بَدَنِهِ.

Al Husayn Bin Muhammad, from Moala Bin Muhammad, from Al hassan Bin Ali, from Hammad Bin Usman who said, ‘I said to Abu Abdullah asws , ‘How much is the reprimand?’ So he asws said: ‘Less than the Penalty ( Hadd )’. I said, ‘Less than eighty (lashes)?’ So he asws said: ‘No, but it is less than the forty (lashes), for i

سُئِلَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ ع عَنْ رَجُلٍ شَهِدَ عَلَيْهِ شُهُودٌ أَنَّهُ أَفْطَرَ مِنْ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ فَقَالَ يُسْأَلُ هَلْ عَلَيْكَ فِي إِفْطَارِكَ إِثْمٌ فَإِنْ قَالَ لَا فَإِنَّ عَلَى الْإِمَامِ أَنْ يَقْتُلَهُ وَ إِنْ هُوَ قَالَ نَعَمْ فَإِنَّ عَلَى الْإِمَامِ أَنْ يَنْهَكَهُ ضَرْباً[1].

Ibn Mahboub, from Hisham Bin Salim, from Bureyd Al Ajaly who said, ‘Abu Ja’far asws was asked about a man against whom witnesses testified that he had broken a Fast from the Month of Ramazan for three days. He asws said: ‘He would be asked, ‘Is there a sin upon you with regards to your breaking the Fast?’ So if he says

إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ص وَقَفَ بِمِنًى حِينَ قَضَى مَنَاسِكَهَا[3] فِي حَجَّةِ الْوَدَاعِ فَقَالَ أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ اسْمَعُوا مَا أَقُولُ لَكُمْ وَ اعْقِلُوهُ عَنِّي فَإِنِّي لَا أَدْرِي لَعَلِّي لَا أَلْقَاكُمْ فِي هَذَا الْمَوْقِفِ بَعْدَ عَامِنَا هَذَا ثُمَّ قَالَ أَيُّ يَوْمٍ أَعْظَمُ حُرْمَةً قَالُوا هَذَا الْيَوْمُ قَالَ فَأَيُّ شَهْرٍ أَعْظَمُ حُرْمَةً قَالُوا هَذَا الشَّهْرُ قَالَ فَأَيُّ بَلَدٍ أَعْظَمُ حُرْ

Ali Bin IBrahi, from his father, from Ibn Abu Umeyr, from Abu Asama Zayd Al Shaham, (It has been narrated) from Abu Abdullah asws having said: ‘Rasool-Allah saww paused at Mina where he saww fulfilled his saww rituals during the Farewell Hajj. So he saww said: ‘O you people! Listen to what I saww am saying to you all,

إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ص وَقَفَ بِمِنًى حِينَ قَضَى مَنَاسِكَهُ فِي حَجَّةِ الْوَدَاعِ فَقَالَ أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ اسْمَعُوا مَا أَقُولُ لَكُمْ فَاعْقِلُوهُ عَنِّي فَإِنِّي لَا أَدْرِي لَعَلِّي لَا أَلْقَاكُمْ فِي هَذَا الْمَوْقِفِ بَعْدَ عَامِنَا هَذَا ثُمَّ قَالَ أَيُّ يَوْمٍ أَعْظَمُ حُرْمَةً قَالُوا هَذَا الْيَوْمُ قَالَ فَأَيُّ شَهْرٍ أَعْظَمُ حُرْمَةً قَالُوا هَذَا الشَّهْرُ قَالَ فَأَيُّ بَلَدٍ أَعْظَمُ حُرْمَةً

A number of our companions, from Ahmad Bin Muhammad Bin Isa, from Al Husayn Bin Saeed, from his brother Al Hassan, from Zur’at Bin Muhammad, from Sama’at, (It has been narrated) from Abu Abdullah asws having said that Rasool-Allah azwj paused at Mina where he fulfilled his saww rituals during the farewell Hajj. So he s

سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ قَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَ‌ فَمَنْ تَصَدَّقَ‌ بِهِ فَهُوَ كَفَّارَةٌ لَهُ‌[1] فَقَالَ يُكَفَّرُ عَنْهُ مِنْ ذُنُوبِهِ بِقَدْرِ مَا عَفَا وَ سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ قَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ- فَمَنْ عُفِيَ لَهُ مِنْ أَخِيهِ شَيْ‌ءٌ فَاتِّباعٌ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَ أَداءٌ إِلَيْهِ بِإِحْسانٍ‌[2] قَالَ يَنْبَغِي لِلَّذِي لَهُ الْحَقُّ أَنْ لَا يَعْسُرَ أَخَاهُ إِذَا كَانَ قَدْ صَالَحَهُ عَلَى دِيَةٍ وَ يَنْبَغ

Ali Bin Ibrahim, from his father, from Ibn Abu Umeyr, from Hammad Bin Usman, from Al Halby, (It has been narrated) from Abu Abdullah asws , said, ‘I asked him asws about the Words of Allah azwj Mighty and Majestic [5:45] but he who foregoes it, it shall be an expiation for him . So he asws said: ‘It would expiate from

سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع عَنْ قَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ- فَمَنْ تَصَدَّقَ بِهِ فَهُوَ كَفَّارَةٌ لَهُ‌ قَالَ يُكَفَّرُ عَنْهُ مِنْ ذُنُوبِهِ بِقَدْرِ مَا عَفَا مِنْ جِرَاحٍ أَوْ غَيْرِهِ قَالَ وَسَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ قَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ- فَمَنْ عُفِيَ لَهُ مِنْ أَخِيهِ شَيْ‌ءٌ فَاتِّباعٌ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَ أَداءٌ إِلَيْهِ بِإِحْسانٍ‌ قَالَ هُوَ الرَّجُلُ يَقْبَلُ الدِّيَةَ فَيَنْبَغِي لِلطَّالِبِ أَنْ ي

Muhammad Bin Yahya, from Ahmad Bin Muhammad, from Ali Bin Al Hakam, from Ali Bin Abu Hamza, from Abu Baseer who said, ‘I asked Abu Abdullah asws about the Words of Allah azwj Mighty and Majestic [5:45] but he who foregoes it, it shall be an ‘ كَفَّارَةٌ ’ expiation for him . He asws said: ‘It would expiate from him his

قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع مَا لِلرَّجُلِ يُعَاقِبُ بِهِ مَمْلُوكَهُ فَقَالَ عَلَى قَدْرِ ذَنْبِهِ قَالَ فَقُلْتُ فَقَدْ عَاقَبْتَ حَرِيزاً بِأَعْظَمَ مِنْ جُرْمِهِ فَقَالَ وَيْلَكَ هُوَ مَمْلُوكٌ لِي وَ إِنَّ حَرِيزاً شَهَرَ السَّيْفَ وَ لَيْسَ مِنِّي مَنْ شَهَرَ السَّيْفَ‌[1].

Ali Bin Ibrahim, from his father, from Ibn Abu Umeyr, from Hammad, from Al Halby, from Abu Al Abbas who said, ‘I said to Abu Abdullah asws , ‘What is for the man he can punish his slave with?’ So he asws said: ‘Upon the measurement of his sin’. So I said, ‘So I have punished Hareza with greater than his offence’. So he

فِي قَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَ‌ وَ مَنْ يَكْتُمْها فَإِنَّهُ آثِمٌ قَلْبُهُ‌[2] قَالَ بَعْدَ الشَّهَادَةِ.

“About the meaning of the words of Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, ‘. . . one who hides a testimony his heart is sinful,’ (2: 283) abu ‘Abd Allah, Alayhi al-Salam, has said, ‘It is after having witnessed a case.’”

إِذَا كَانَ عَدْلًا فَهُوَ جَائِزُ الشَّهَادَةِ إِنَّ أَوَّلَ مَنْ رَدَّ شَهَادَةَ الْمَمْلُوكِ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ وَ ذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ تَقَدَّمَ إِلَيْهِ مَمْلُوكٌ فِي شَهَادَةٍ فَقَالَ إِنْ أَقَمْتُ الشَّهَادَةَ تَخَوَّفْتُ عَلَى نَفْسِي وَ إِنْ كَتَمْتُهَا أَثِمْتُ بِرَبِّي فَقَالَ هَاتِ شَهَادَتَكَ أَمَا إِنَّا لَا نُجِيزُ شَهَادَةَ مَمْلُوكٍ بَعْدَكَ.

2. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from Muhammad ibn Khalid and al-Husayn ibn Sa‘id all from al- Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Urwah from ‘Abd al-Hamid al-Ta’iy from Muhammad ibn Muslim who has narrated the following: “About the testimony of a slave abu ‘Abd Allah, Alayhi al-Salam, has said, ‘If he is

قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع مَا يُرَدُّ مِنَ الشُّهُودِ قَالَ فَقَالَ الظَّنِينُ وَ الْمُتَّهَمُ قَالَ قُلْتُ فَالْفَاسِقُ وَ الْخَائِنُ قَالَ ذَلِكَ يَدْخُلُ فِي الظَّنِينِ.

“I once asked abu ‘Abd Allah (a.s.), about the kind of witnesses whose testimony is rejected. He (the Imam) said, ‘Of such people are a pessimist and an accused.’ I then asked, ‘What about a sinful and a treacherous one?’ He (the Imam) said, ‘Such ones are included in “pessimist”.”’