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Hadith.4826 - Al-Hasan bin Mahbub narrated from Jamil bin Salih, from Al-Fudayl bin Yasar, who said: I asked Abu Abdillah (peace be upon him) about a man who has only performed the marriage contract (mamluk, meaning he has not yet consummated the marriage) and then declares ẓihar (a pre-Islamic form of divorce where a husband likens his wife to a prohibited relative). Imam (as) said: "There is no ẓihar and no īla' (an oath to abstain from marital relations) until he consummates the marriage with her."
[4]رواه الكليني ج 6 ص 158 في الصحيح. و ما تضمنه من اشتراط الدخول هو المشهور بين الاصحاب، و ذهب السيّد المرتضى و ابن إدريس الى عدم الاشتراط، و قوله« مملك» أى عقد و لم يدخل، و الاملاك التزويج و عقد النكاح.ص 525
[1]رواه الكليني و الشيخ في الموثق كالصحيح عن ابن فضال، عمن أخبره عن أبي- عبد اللّه عليه السلام، و المراد أنّه يشترط فيه شروط الطلاق من كونه مريدا غير مغضب مكره، و يكون بمحضر من العدلين، و تكون المرأة طاهرا من غير جماع.ص 526
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Hadith.4828 - Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Ali ibn Ri'ab, from Zurara, who said: I asked Abu Ja'far Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as) about ẓihar (a form of divorce by comparison). Imam (as) said: "Ẓihar applies only when a man likens his wife to someone who is permanently unlawful for him, such as his mother, sister, paternal aunt, or maternal aunt. Ẓihar does not occur through an oath." I asked: "How does it occur?" Imam (as) replied: "A man says to his wife, while she is in a state of purity and without having had intercourse with her, 'You are to me as unlawful as the back of my mother or my sister,' and he intends by this statement to make ẓihar."
[2]انعقاد الظهار بقوله« أنت على كظهر أمى» موضع وفاق و نص، و في معنى« على» غيرها من ألفاظ الصلات كمنى و عندي ولدى، و يقوم مقام« أنت» ما شابهها ممّا يميزها عن غيرها كهذه أو فلانة، و لو ترك الصلة فقال:« أنت كظهر أمّى» انعقد عند الاكثر، و اختلف فيما إذا أشبهها بظهر غير الام على أقوال أحدها أنّه يقع بتشبيهها بغير الام مطلقا، ذهب إليه ابن إدريس، و ثانيها أنّه يقع بكل امرأة محرمة عليه على التأبيد بالنسب خاصّة، اختاره ابن البرّاج و يدلّ عليه صحيحة زرارة، و ثالثها إضافة المحرمات بالرضاع و هو مذهب الاكثر و استدلّ عليه بقوله عليه السلام:« كل ذى محرم». و قوله« أم أو أخت» على سبيل التمثيل لا الحصر لان بنت الاخت و بنت الأخ كذلك قطعا، و رابعها إضافة المحرمات بالمصاهرة الى ذلك اختاره العلامة في المختلف، و يمكن الاستدلال عليه بصحيحة زرارة أيضا و هذا القول لا يخلو من قوة.( المرآة).ص 526
[3]كالطلاق و العتق باليمين و هو أن يكون زجرا على النفس.( م ت).ص 526
[4]أي يكون قاصدا للظهار لا عن غضب أو اكراه أو سهو، فلو كان غرضه احترام الزوجة لم يقع.ص 526
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Hadith.4829 - Muhammad ibn Abi Umayr narrated from Aban and others, from Abu Abdullah (as), who said: "During the time of the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family), there was a man named Aws ibn Al-Samit who was married to a woman named Khawlah bint Tha'labah. One day, he said to her: 'You are to me as the back of my mother.' He immediately regretted his words and said to her: 'O woman, I think you have become unlawful for me.' Khawlah went to the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family) and said: 'O Messenger of Allah (swt), my husband said to me, "You are to me as the back of my mother." This statement in the past used to make a wife unlawful for her husband.' The Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family) said to her: 'O woman, I think you have indeed become unlawful for him.' She then raised her hands to the sky and said: 'I complain to You (swt) about the separation from my husband.' Allah (swt), the Mighty and Majestic, revealed: 'Indeed, Allah (swt) has heard the statement of the woman who disputes with you concerning her husband and complains to Allah (swt). And Allah (swt) hears your dialogue; indeed, Allah (swt) is All-Hearing, All-Seeing. Those among you who declare their wives unlawful to them (by ẓihar) are not their mothers. Their mothers are none but those who gave birth to them. And indeed, they utter an evil statement and a falsehood. But indeed, Allah (swt) is Pardoning and Forgiving'" (Surah Al-Mujadilah 58:1-2). Then Allah (swt), the Mighty and Majestic, revealed the expiation for this, saying: 'And those who pronounce ẓihar from their wives and then wish to go back on what they said, must free a slave before they touch one another. This is what you are admonished with, and Allah (swt) is All-Aware of what you do. But whoever does not find [a slave to free] must fast for two consecutive months before they touch one another. And whoever is unable must feed sixty poor people'" (Surah Al-Mujadilah 58:3-4).
[2]روى الكليني ج 6 ص 160 في الحسن كالصحيح عن عبد الرحمن بن الحجاج[ عن أبي عبد اللّه عليه السلام] قال:« الظهار ضربان أحدهما فيه الكفّارة قبل المواقعة و الآخر بعدها، فالذى يكفر قبل المواقعة الذي يقول:« أنت على كظهر أمّى» و لا يقول: ان فعلت بك كذا و كذا، و الذي يكفر بعد المواقعة هو الذي يقول:« أنت على كظهر أمى ان قربتك» و ظاهره أن الظهار بالشرط انما يتحقّق إذا كان الشرط الجماع لا غير، و ليس ببعيد عن فحوى الاخبار لكنه خلاف المشهور بين الاصحاب.( المرآة).ص 527
[3]تقدم ما يدلّ على ذلك في خبر حمران.ص 527
[4]كما في سائر الكفّارات و لصدق الإطعام عليه.( م ت).ص 527
[1]روى الشيخ في التهذيب ج 2 ص 256 في الموثق عن أبي بصير قال:« سألت أبا عبد اللّه عليه السلام عن رجل ظاهر من امرأته فلم يجد ما يعتق و لا ما يتصدق و لا يقوى على الصيام؟ قال: يصوم ثمانية عشر يوما، لكل عشرة مساكين ثلاثة أيام».ص 528
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Hadith.4830 - It is narrated: "If he is unable to provide the required feeding (it'ām), he should give charity (ṣadaqah) according to what he is capable of."
[2]لم أجده، و لعلّ المراد حسنة إسحاق بن عمّار المروية في آخر الكافي عن أبي عبد اللّه عليه السلام قال:« الظهار إذا عجز صاحبه عن الكفّارة فليستغفر ربّه و ينوى أن لا يعود قبل ان يواقع ثمّ ليواقع و قد أجزأ ذلك عنه من الكفّارة، فإذا وجد السبيل الى ما يكفّر يوما من الايام فليكفّر، و ان تصدّق و أطعم نفسه و عياله فانه يجزيه إذا كان محتاجا و ان لم يجد ذلك فليستغفر ربّه و ينوى أن لا يعود فحسبه ذلك و اللّه كفّارة».ص 528
[3]روى الكليني ج 6 ص 156 في الصحيح عن محمّد بن حمران قال:« سألت أبا عبد اللّه عليه السلام عن المملوك أ عليه ظهار، فقال: عليه نصف ما على الحرّ صوم شهر و ليس عليه كفّارة من صدقة و لا عتق».ص 528
[4]روى الكليني ج 6 ص 161 عن عليّ بن إبراهيم، عن أبيه، عن صالح بن سعيد عن يونس، عن بعض رجاله عن أبي عبد اللّه عليه السلام قال:« سألته عن رجل قال لامرأته:ص 528
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Hadith.4831 - Ibn Mahbub narrated from Abu Ayyub Al-Khazzaz, from Burayd ibn Mu'awiyah, who said: I asked Abu Ja'far Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as) about a man who declared ẓihar (a form of divorce by comparison) against his wife and then divorced her with one divorce. Imam (as) said: "If he divorces her with one divorce, the ẓihar becomes nullified, and the divorce cancels the ẓihar." I asked: "Can he take her back?" Imam (as) replied: "Yes, she is still his wife. However, if he takes her back, he must fulfill the obligation required of one who has performed ẓihar before engaging in intercourse with her." I asked: "If he leaves her until her waiting period (iddah) ends and she gains full control over herself, and then he marries her again afterward, is he still bound by the previous ẓihar before engaging in intercourse?" Imam (as) replied: "No, she has been completely separated from him and has gained control over herself." I asked: "If he declared ẓihar against her but did not have intercourse with her and left her without touching her, although he still saw her uncovered, does anything become obligatory upon him in this case?" Imam (as) said: "She is his wife, and it is not forbidden for him to have intercourse with her. However, he must fulfill what is required of one who has performed ẓihar before having intercourse with her, as she remains his wife." I asked: "If she complains to the authorities, saying, 'This is my husband who has declared ẓihar against me but holds on to me without touching me out of fear of the obligation that comes with ẓihar,' what is to be done?" Imam (as) said: "It is not obligatory for the authority to compel him to free a slave, fast, or feed the poor if he has nothing to free, cannot fast, and does not have the means to give charity. However, if he is capable of freeing a slave, then it is upon the Imam to compel him to free a slave or give charity before he touches her or after he has done so."
[1]في الكافي و التهذيب في الحسن كالصحيح عن ابن محبوب عن أبي أيوب الخزاز عن يزيد الكناسى و كأنّ في كتاب ابن محبوب« بريد» بدون النقطة فزعم الكليني أنّه يزيد الكناسى، و المصنّف أنّه بريد العجليّ فلذا قال« عن بريد بن معاوية» و هو العجليّ فان كان العجليّ فهو ثقة و ان كان الكناسى فهو من شيوخ الشيعة، و يمكن بعيدا أن يكونا واحدا، و الكناسى ان كان أبا خالد القماط فهو ثقة أيضا و ظنّ الاشتباه الى الصدوق أقرب من الكليني- رضى اللّه عنهما- و عنون العسقلانى في لسان الميزان بريد الكناسى و قال: حدث عن أبي جعفر و أبي عبد اللّه( ع) و قال: قال الدارقطنى و ابن ماكولا في المؤتلف و المختلف: انه من شيوخ الشيعة.ص 529
[2]يدل على أن الطلاق البائن أو الرجعى مع انقضاء العدة يرفع حكم الظهار فلو تزوجها بعقد جديد فله أن يجامعها بدون الكفّارة، و على أن المعتدة الرجعية بحكم الزوجة لا يجوز وطيها قبل الكفّارة، و على أن الكفّارة قبل الرجوع.( م ت).ص 529
[3]يدل على جواز جميع الاستمتاعات غير الوطى قبل الكفّارة.ص 529
[1]لعل المراد أنّه حينئذ بجبره على الطلاق بخصوصه أو الاستغفار على القول ببدليته و ذلك بعد انتظار ثلاثة أشهر من حين المرافعة على ما هو المشهور.( المرآة).ص 530
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Hadith.4832 - Aban narrated from Al-Hasan Al-Sayqal who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (as) about a man who performs ẓihar (a form of divorce by comparison) against his wife. Imam (as) said: "He must offer expiation." I asked: "What if he engages in intercourse with her before offering expiation?" Imam (as) replied: "Then he has violated one of Allah's (swt) limits. He must seek Allah's (swt) forgiveness and abstain until he fulfills the expiation."
[3]حمله الشيخ على أنّه يكون واقعها جاهلا أو كان ظهاره مشروطا بالمواقعة. و قال الفاضل التفرشى: ظاهره أنّه فعل محرما و ترتّب الاستغفار و الكف عن الجماع حتّى يكفر لا يستلزم عدم وجوب كفّارة أخرى فلا ينافى ما دل على وجوب تكرير الكفّارة، و لعلّ تخصيص الكف بالذكر دفع لتوهم انحلال الظهار حينئذ و ان وجبت الكفّارة.ص 530
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Hadith.4833 - Hammad narrated from Al-Halabi who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (as) about a man who declared ẓihar (a form of divorce by comparison) against his wife three times. Imam (as) said: "He must offer expiation three times." I asked: "What if he engages in intercourse with her before offering the expiation?" Imam (as) replied: "He must seek Allah's (swt) forgiveness and abstain until he completes the expiation."
[2]حمله الشيخ في التهذيبين على أن المعنى حتّى يكفر بعدد ما يلزمه من الكفّارة لا الكفّارة الواحدة، و يمكن حمله على العجز عن الكفّارة أو على التقية لان المشهور بين العامّة و الزيدية عدم تعدّد الكفّارة بالوطى، و نسبوا القول بالتعدّد الى الإماميّة.ص 531
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Hadith.4834 - Muhammad ibn Muslim asked Imam (as) about a man who declared ẓihar (a form of divorce by comparison) against his wife five times or more. Imam (as) replied: "Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (as) said: 'For every instance, there is a separate expiation.'"
[3]رواه الشيخ في التهذيب في الصحيح عن محمّد بن مسلم عن أبي جعفر عليه السلام و أيضا في الصحيح عن أبي بصير عن أبي عبد اللّه عليه السلام. و في الكافي في الصحيح عن محمّد ابن مسلم عن أحدهما عليهما السلام.ص 531
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Hadith.4835 - Jamil ibn Darraj asked Imam (as) about ẓihar and when the obligation of expiation becomes due upon the one who declares it. Imam (as) replied: "When he intends to have intercourse with his wife." I asked: "If he divorces her before having intercourse with her, is expiation still required of him?" Imam (as) said: "No, the expiation is no longer required." I then asked: "If he begins fasting (as expiation) but becomes ill and breaks his fast, must he start over or continue from where he left off?" Imam (as) replied: "If he fasted for a month and then became ill, he must start over. But if he fasted more than a month by a day or two, he should continue from where he left off." Imam (as) also said: "The ruling for a free man and a slave is the same, except that a slave is obligated to fulfill half of what is required from a free man in terms of expiation."
[4]مروى في الكافي ج 6 ص 155 في الحسن كالصحيح عن جميل عن أبي عبد اللّه عليه السلام مع زيادة في صدره.ص 531
[1]ظاهره خلاف فتوى الاصحاب اذ المرض من الاعذار التي يصحّ معها البناء عندهم خلافا لبعض العامّة، فيحمل هذا على المرض الذي لا يسوغ الإفطار، أو على التقية، أو على الاستحباب.( المرآة).ص 532
[2]زاد في الكافي« و ليس عليه عتق و لا صدقة انما عليه صيام شهر».ص 532
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Hadith.4836 - Muhammad ibn Muslim narrated from one of the two Imams (peace be upon them) who said: I asked Imam (as): "If a man performs ẓihar (a form of divorce by comparison) in the month of Sha'ban and cannot find something to free (as expiation), what should he do?" He (as) replied: "He should wait until he fasts the month of Ramadan and then fast two consecutive months afterward. If he performs ẓihar while he is traveling, he should wait until he returns. And if he begins fasting and then acquires wealth, he should continue with what he had already started."
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Hadith.4837 - Sama'ah narrated from Abu Basir, who said: I heard Abu Abdullah (as) say: "A man came to the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) and said: 'O Messenger of Allah (swt), I have performed ẓihar (declared my wife as unlawful to me).' The Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) said: 'Go and free a slave.' The man replied: 'I do not have one.' The Prophet (sw) said: 'Then go and fast for two consecutive months.' The man replied: 'I am not able to do so.' The Prophet (sw) said: 'Then go and feed sixty poor people.' The man replied: 'I do not have the means.' The Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family) then said: 'I will give charity on your behalf.'" He (peace be upon him and his family) gave him dates to feed sixty poor people and said: "Go and give this in charity." The man said: "By the One who sent you with the truth as a Prophet (sw), I do not know anyone between these two mountains (of Madinah) who is more in need of this than me and my family." The Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) said: "Then go and feed your family with it."
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Hadith.4838 - In the narration of Al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Faddal, a man said: I said to Abu Al-Hasan (as), "I told my wife, 'You are to me as the back of my mother if you leave the room,' and she left." Imam (as) replied: "There is nothing upon you." I said: "But I am capable of offering expiation." Imam (as) replied: "There is nothing upon you." I said: "I am capable of freeing one or even two slaves as expiation." Imam (as) said: "There is nothing upon you, whether you are capable or not."
[1]اعلم أن الاصحاب اختلفوا في وقوع الظهار المعلّق بالشرط عند وجود الشرط، فذهب المحقّق و جماعة الى عدم الوقوع و ذهب الشيخ و الصدوقان و ابن حمزة و العلامة و أكثر المتأخرين الى الوقوع و هو الأقوى، و هذا الخبر بظاهره يدلّ على عدم الوقوع، و الشيخ حمله على أن المراد عدم الإثم، و لا يخفى بعده عن السؤال مع أن الظهار حرام إجماعا الا أن يقال: المراد أنّه لا عقاب عليه للعفو كما قيل، أقول: يمكن حمله على اليمين، فإن قيل:ص 533
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Hadith.4839 - In the narration of Al-Sakuni, he said that Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (as) was asked about a man who both swore an oath (ilaʾ) and declared ẓihar (a form of divorce by comparison) against his wife in a single statement. Imam (as) said: "He is obligated to offer only one expiation."
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Hadith.4840 - Abdullah ibn Bukayr narrated from Humran who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (as) about a man who said to his female slave, "You are to me as the back of my mother," intending by this statement to please his wife. Imam (as) replied: "He may approach her (the slave), and there is nothing upon her or upon him."
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Hadith.4841 - Ayyub ibn Nuh narrated from Safwan, from Ibn Uyaynah, from Abu Abdullah (as), who said: "If a man who has performed ẓihar fasts for one full month and then fasts a day from the second month, he has fulfilled the condition of consecutive fasting. After that, if he wishes, he may make up the remaining fasts in a non-consecutive manner, or if he wishes, he may give a mudd (a specific measure) of food for each remaining day."
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Hadith.4842 - Ziyad ibn al-Mundhir narrated from Abu al-Ward that Abu Jafar Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as) was asked, while I was present, about a man who said to his wife, "You are to me like the back of my mother" a hundred times. Abu Jafar Imam Al-Baqir (as) said: "Is he able to free a slave for each time?" The man replied: "No." Imam (as) said: "Is he able to feed sixty needy people for each time?" The man replied: "No." Imam (as) said: "Is he able to fast for two consecutive months for each time?" The man replied: "No." Imam (as) then said: "They should be separated."
[1]كذا في بعض النسخ و في بعضها« أبى الدرداء و هو تصحيف أبى الورد و في التهذيب ج 2 ص 256 و الاستبصار ج 3 ص 263 كما في المتن و صحته يظهر من المشيخة.ص 534
[2]أي يجبره الحاكم بالطلاق لعدم إمكان الرجوع بالكفارة.( م ت).ص 534
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Hadith.4843 - In the narration of Ibn Faddal from Ghiyath, from Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (as) from his father, Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as) (peace be upon them), it is reported that Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (as) said regarding a man who performed ẓihar (a form of divorce by comparison) against four wives: "He is obligated to offer only one expiation."
[3]حمله الشيخ على الوحدة الجنسية لما رواه في الصحيح عن صفوان قال: سأل الحسين بن مهران أبا الحسن الرضا عليه السلام« عن رجل ظاهر من أربع نسوة فقال: يكفر لكل واحدة كفّارة، و سأله عن رجل ظاهر من امرأته و جاريته ما عليه، قال: عليه لكل واحدة منهما كفّارة عتق رقبة أو صيام شهرين متتابعين أو إطعام ستين مسكينا».ص 534
[4]في بعض النسخ« لا يقع ظهار على طلاق، و لا طلاق على ظهار» فيكون« على» بمعنى مع و فسر بأنّه لا يقع أحدهما مع إرادة الآخر. و لم أعثر على سند لهذا الخبر.ص 534
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Hadith.4845 - Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Abu Walad, from Humran, from Abu Ja'far Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as), who said: "Ẓihar (a form of divorce by comparison) does not occur through an oath, nor in a case of harm, nor in a state of anger. Ẓihar is only valid when it is declared during a state of purity (from menstruation), without prior intercourse, and in the presence of two Muslim witnesses."
[5]لعل المراد بالمسلمين العدلان كما هو شأن الشهادة أينما أطلقت و ذهب بعض الى الاكتفاء بالإسلام، و قال: لا دليل على اشتراط كونهما عدلين الا عموم اشتراط العدالة في الشاهدين، و اثبات الحكم هنا بمثل ذلك مشكل، و في الوافي: الظهار في اليمين هو أن يقول امرأته عليه كظهر أمه ان فعل كذا، فجعل الظهار مكان اسم اللّه سبحانه في اليمين كما يفعله المخالفون.ص 534
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Hadith.4846 - Ammar ibn Musa Al-Sabati asked Abu Abdullah (as) about the obligatory ẓihar (a form of divorce by comparison). Imam (as) replied: "It is when a man explicitly intends by his statement to perform ẓihar itself."
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Hadith.4847 - In the narration of Al-Sakuni, it is reported that Commander of the Faithful (as) said: "If a woman says, 'My husband is to me as the back of my mother,' there is no expiation upon her."
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Hadith.4848 - Ishaq ibn Ammar asked Abu Ibrahim (Imam Musa ibn Jafar Al-Kadhim (as)) about a man who performs ẓihar (a form of divorce by comparison) against his female slave. Imam (as) replied: "In this matter, a free woman and a bondwoman are the same."
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Hadith.4849 - Muhammad ibn Humran asked Abu Abdullah (as) about whether a slave is obligated to perform ẓihar (a form of divorce by comparison). Imam (as) replied: "He is required to fulfill half of what is required of a free man, which is fasting for one month. However, he is not obligated to offer expiation through charity or the freeing of a slave."
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Hadith.4850 - In the narration of Al-Sakuni, it is reported that Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (as) said: "The umm al-walad (woman who has borne her master's child) is included in the ruling of ẓihar."