[2]« غلبة الرجال» ففى المرآة قال النووى: كانه يريد به هيجان النفس من شدة الشبق و اضافته الى المعمول، أي يغلبهم ذلك، و قال الطيبى: اما أن يكون اضافته الى الفاعل أى قهر الديان إيّاه و غلبتهم عليه بالتقاضى و ليس له ما يقضى دينه، أو الى المفعول بأن لا يكون أحد يعاونه على قضاء ديونه من رجاله و أصحابه- انتهى.ص 181
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Hadith.3680 - Al-Sakuni narrated from Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (as) from his father, Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as), who said that the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family) said: "Beware of debt, for it is a disgrace to religion."
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Hadith.3682 - Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (as) said: "Beware of debt, for it is humiliation during the day, worry at night, accountability in this world, and accountability in the Hereafter."
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Hadith.3683 - It is narrated from Mu'awiyah ibn Wahb who said: I said to Abu Abdillah (as), "It has been mentioned to us that a man from the Ansar died while owing two dinars as debt, so the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) did not pray over him and said: 'Pray over your brother,' until one of his relatives guaranteed them on his behalf." Abu Abdillah (as) said: "That is true." Then Imam (as) said: "Indeed, the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family) did that so they would take heed, and so that they would support one another, and so that they would not take debt lightly. And yet the Messenger of Allah (swt) (peace be upon him and his family) died while he was in debt, the Commander of the Faithful (as) was killed while he was in debt, Al-Hasan (as) died while he was in debt, and Al-Husayn (as) was killed while he was in debt."
[3]لعله كان مستخفا بالدين و لا ينوى قضائه، أو لم يكن له وجه الدين و من يؤدى عنه كما يدلّ عليه آخر هذا الخبر و غيره من الاخبار.( المرآة).ص 182
[4]في بعض النسخ« ليتعاطوا» و التعاطى التناول، و لعلّ المراد هنا أن يجرى بين الناس القرض و رده فانه إذا لم يفت قرض أحد عند أحد يقدم كل أحد على الاقراض بخلاف مالوفات.( مراد).ص 182
[5]يفهم منه أن الرجل كان مستخفا بالدين و لا ينوى قضائه و الا فمع عدم التقصير كيف ترك صلّى اللّه عليه و آله الصلاة عليه.ص 182
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Hadith.3685 - Al-Mithami narrated from Abu Musa who said: I said to Abu Abdillah (as)-"May I be your ransom! Can a man borrow and perform Hajj?" Imam (as) said: "Yes." I said: "Can he borrow and get married?" Imam (as) said: "Yes, for he awaits the provision of Allah (swt) morning and evening."
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Hadith.3686 - It is narrated from Abu Thumamah who said: I said to Abu Ja'far Al-Thani (as), "I wish to remain in Makkah and Madinah, but I have a debt upon me. What do you advise?" Imam (as) said: "Return and pay off your debt, and make sure you meet Allah (swt), the Mighty and Exalted, without any debt upon you, for the believer does not betray."
[1]في الكافي« عن أبي تمامة» بالتاء المثناة من فوق. و قال في المشيخة و ما كان فيه عن أبي ثمامة فقد رويته عن ما جيلويه و محمّد بن موسى و الحسين بن إبراهيم، عن على ابن إبراهيم عن أبيه، عن أبي ثمامة صاحب أبى جعفر الثاني عليه السلام. و قيل عنوان الصدوق لرجل في المشيخة و نقل طريقه إليه مشعر بكونه لا يقصر عن حسن، و أقول: هذا إذا ما لم ينصّوا على ضعفه، و الا فجماعة من المعنونين في المشيخة كانوا ضعفاء* و قد قال الوحيد البهبهانى في التعليقة: عدّه خالى من الحسان. و يحتمل قريبا أن يكون هو أبا تمام الطائى الشاعر و هو من أصحاب أبى جعفر الثاني عليه السلام.ص 183
[4]أي مثله في العقاب، و يحتمل حرمة الانتفاع به أيضا الا أن يتوب و ينوى الأداء، و يحتمل لزوم الاستدانة به مرة اخرى لان العقد الأول كان باطلا لان العقود تابع للقصود، و يحتمل الاكتفاء بالنية لان العقد وقع صحيحا و يجب عليه أداؤه و ان كان آثما بالنية( م ت) أقول: أبو خديجة هو سالم بن مكرم و الطريق إليه ضعيف بأبي سمينة الصيرفى.ص 183
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Hadith.3690 - Sama'ah ibn Mihran narrated that he said: I said to Abu Abdillah (as), "A man among us has something with which he can sustain himself, but he is in debt. Should he feed his family with it until Allah (swt), the Mighty and Exalted, provides him with ease so he can repay his debt, or should he borrow despite the difficulty of the times and the hardship of earning, or should he accept charity?" Imam (as) said: "He should use what he has to repay his debt and should not consume people's wealth unless he has the means to repay them. Indeed, Allah (swt), the Mighty and Exalted, says: 'And do not consume one another's wealth unjustly.'" (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:188)
[1]رواه الكليني في الكافي ج 5 ص 95 في الصحيح عنه.ص 184
[2]يعني يتوسل به الى المعاش، و البلغة ما يتبلغ من العيش، و تبلغ بكذا اكتفى به.ص 184
[3]بميسرة أي سعة، و ضمن الاستقراض معنى الحمل أي حالكونه حاملا ثقل الدين على ظهره، و في التهذيب« خيب الزمان» و هو بمعنى الحرمان و الخسران( الوافي) و قال المولى المجلسيّ قوله« أو يقبل الصدقة» عطف على« يستقرض» أي إذا أدى دينه مما في يده فلا بدّ من أحد الامرين اما الاستقراض أو قبول الصدقة فكأنّه يعتذر لاكل ما في يده، فأجاب عليه السلام بأنّه يؤدى و لا يستقرض لعدم الوجه بل يتوكل على اللّه و يقبل الصدقة.ص 184
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Hadith.3693 - It is narrated from Burayd Al-Ijli who said: I said to Abu Abdillah (as), "I owe a debt to orphans, and I fear that if I sell my estate, I will be left with nothing." Imam (as) said: "Do not sell your estate; rather, give some and keep some."
[1]أي مع رخصة الولى أو أنّه عليه السلام رخص لولايته العامّة. و يستفاد من الخبر جواز التأخير مع الضرورة. و في الكافي ج 5 ص 96« ان على دينا و أظنه قال: لايتام».ص 185
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Hadith.3694 - The Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) said: "There is no debtor whose creditor leaves him satisfied except that the creatures of the earth and the fish in the seas pray for him. And there is no debtor whose creditor leaves him angry while he is capable of paying, except that Allah (swt), the Mighty and Exalted, records for him-each day or night that he withholds payment unjustly-a sin."
[2]لم أجده من طريقنا، و رواه البيهقيّ في شعب الايمان عن خولة بنت قيس بن فهد النجارية امرأة حمزة بن عبد المطلب، و قوله« صلت عليه دواب الأرض» أي دعت له بالمغفرة، و المراد بنون البحار حيتانها.ص 185
[3]في شعب الايمان« و لا غريم يلوى غريمه و هو يقدر الا كتب اللّه عليه في كل يوم و ليلة اثما».ص 185
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Hadith.3695 - Ibrahim ibn Abdul Hamid narrated from Khidr ibn Amr Al-Nakha'i, from Abu Abdillah (as) regarding a man who has money owed to him by another man, but the debtor denies it. Imam (as) said: "If he makes him swear an oath, then he has no right to take anything from him after the oath. And if he imprisons him, he has no right to take anything from him. But if he leaves him and does not make him swear, then his right remains intact."
[4]واقفى موثق و الطريق إليه حسن كالصحيح بابراهيم بن هاشم رواه عن ابن أبي عمير عنه كما في الكافي و خضر بن عمرو مجهول.ص 185
[5]جملة« و ان حبسه فليس له أن يأخذ منه شيئا» ليست في الكافي و التهذيب و لعلها من الراوي مؤكدة لما سبق أي إذا حبسه باليمين فلا يأخذ شيئا بعد ذلك. و في بعض النسخ« فاذا احتسبه» من الاحتساب أي ان قال: أمرك إلى اللّه أو أنت مع اللّه أو ترك الحلف تعظيما للّه فحينئذ ليس له المطالبة لكن الاصحاب لم يذكروا غير اليمين في الاسقاط بل اختلفوا في اليمين فبعضهم ذهب الى أنّه لا يسقط الا بشرط الاسقاط.ص 185
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Hadith.3696 - Ali ibn Ri'ab narrated from Sulayman ibn Khalid who said: I asked Abu Abdillah (as) about a man who owed me money but denied it and swore an oath. Then, some of his money came into my possession. Should I take it in place of what he took from me and swear an oath as he did? Imam (as) said: "If he has betrayed you, do not betray him, and do not commit what you criticized him for."
[1]يدل على عدم جواز المقاصة بعد الاحلاف كما هو المشهور بين الاصحاب، بل لا نعلم فيه مخالفا الا أن يكذب المنكر نفسه بعد ذلك.( المرآة) و طريق المصنّف الى على بن رئاب صحيح و هو ثقة.ص 186
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Hadith.3697 - Mu'awiyah ibn Ammar narrated from Abu Abdillah (as) who said: I said to him, "A man owes me a right but denies it, and then he entrusts me with some money. Is it permissible for me to take my due from it?" Imam (as) said: "No, that would be betrayal."
[2]الطريق الى معاوية بن عمّار صحيح، و لعله محمول على الحلف أو ضرب من الكراهة لورود أخبار في الجواز راجع التهذيب ج 2 ص 105 و الاستبصار ج 3 ص 52 و 53.ص 186
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Hadith.3698 - Zayd Al-Shahham narrated that Abu Abdillah (as) said to me: "Whoever entrusts you with a trust, then return it to him. And whoever betrays you, do not betray him."
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Hadith.3699 - Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Saif ibn Amirah, from Abu Bakr Al-Hadrami, who said: I said to Abu Abdillah (as), "A man had money owed to him by another man, but the debtor denied it and took it away from him. Later, the creditor gained possession of an equivalent amount belonging to the debtor. Can he take it in place of the money that was taken from him?" Imam (as) said: "Yes, and he should say, 'O Allah (swt), I am only taking this in place of my money that he took from me.'"
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Hadith.3700 - And in another narration from Yunus ibn Abdul Rahman, from Abu Bakr Al-Hadrami, similar to the previous one, except that he said: He should say, "O Allah (swt), I did not take what I took from him as an act of betrayal or injustice, but I took it in place of my rightful due."
[5]المطلوب اما التكلم بتلك العبارات أو القصد الى تلك المعاني، و يؤيد الأخير اختلاف العبارات المنقولة و الأحوط التكلم بإحداها و الأولى الجمع( م ت) أقول: يمكن أن يقال: المقصود قصد القصاص ليمتاز عن السرقة.ص 186
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Hadith.3701 - And in another narration: "If he makes him swear regarding what he took from him, then it is permissible for him to swear if he says this statement."
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Hadith.3702 - The Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) said: "Whoever swears by Allah (swt) should speak the truth, and whoever is sworn to by Allah (swt) should be satisfied. And whoever is not satisfied is not from Allah (swt) in any way."
[1]لو كانت الاخبار ما ذكر فقط لكان الجمع حسنا لكن وردت أخبار في جواز التقاص من الأمانة أيضا الا أن تحمل على الأمانة المالكية دون الشرعية لكن فيها ما يدلّ على جواز التقاص في الأمانة المالكية أيضا كما في خبر شهاب( الذي رواه الشيخ في التهذيب ج 2 ص 105) فالجمع بالكراهة و الجواز أحسن كما فعله المتأخرون.( م ت).ص 187
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Hadith.3703 - Muhammad ibn Abi Umayr narrated from Dawud ibn Zurbi who said: I said to Abu Al-Hasan (as), "I deal with some people, and sometimes they send to me and take a bondwoman or an animal from me, and they take it away. Then their wealth later comes into my possession. Can I take from it an amount equivalent to what they took from me?" Imam (as) said: "Take from them an amount equal to what they took from you and do not take more than that."
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Hadith.3704 - Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Hudhayl ibn Hanan, the brother of Ja'far ibn Hanan, the money changer, who said: I said to Abu Abdillah (as), "I gave my brother Ja'far some money, and he gives me from it what I spend, perform Hajj with, and give in charity. I asked the people around us, and they said that this is invalid and not permissible. I wish to follow your guidance in this matter." Imam (as) said: "Did he use to give to you before you entrusted him with your money?" I said: "Yes." Imam (as) said: "Then take what he gives you, eat, drink, perform Hajj, and give in charity. And when you return to Iraq, say, 'Ja'far ibn Muhammad (as) has given me this ruling.'"
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Hadith.3705 - Sama'ah asked Abu Abdillah (as) about a man who stays with another man to whom he owes a debt. Is it permissible for him to eat from his food? Imam (as) said: "Yes, he may eat from his food for three days, but after that, he should not eat anything."
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Hadith.3707 - It is narrated from Al-Sabbah ibn Sayabah who said: I said to Abu Abdillah (as), "Abdullah ibn Abi Ya'fur instructed me to ask you-when we borrow bread from our neighbors, we sometimes return it smaller or larger in size. Is this permissible?" Imam (as) said: "We borrow walnuts, sixty or seventy in number, and they may include small and large ones. There is no harm in this."
[4]الظاهر أن الخبز في بعض البلاد من المعدود فالرخصة بهذا الاعتبار، أو لانه لما كان التفاوت يسيرا، بل كانوا يزنون العجين غالبا فلذا جوز( م ت) و لعله محمول على ما إذا لم يعلم التفاوت و الا فيعتبر الوزن.ص 188
[5]رواه الكليني ج 3 ص 558 باب القرض انه حمى الزكاة بسند ضعيف، و قوله« الى ميسرة» أي الى وقت يصير ذا يسر. و قوله« يقبضه» فى بعض النسخ و الكافي« يقضيه».ص 188
[1]مروى في الكافي ج 5 ص 95 بسند مرسل مجهول كما في التهذيب عن أبي بصير، و في الدروس: يحل الديون المؤجلة بموت الغريم و لو مات المدين لم يحل الا على رواية أبي بصير. و اختاره الشيخ و القاضي و الحلبيّ و حكى عن أبي الصلاح و ابن البرّاج. و المشهور عدم العمل به بالنظر الى ماله و ما تقدم يدلّ على حلول ما عليه دون ماله، فالأحوط بالنظر الى المديون أن يؤدى لانتقال المال الى الورثة، و قيل: يمكن الحمل على الاستحباب.ص 189
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Hadith.3711 - Al-Hasan ibn Mahbub narrated from Al-Hasan ibn Salih Al-Thawri, from Abu Abdillah (as), regarding a man who dies while owing a debt, and a guarantor guarantees it for the creditors. Imam (as) said: "If the creditors are satisfied with him, then the deceased is absolved of liability."
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Hadith.3712 - Ibrahim ibn Abdul Hamid narrated from Al-Hasan ibn Khunays who said: I said to Abu Abdillah (as), "Abdur-Rahman ibn Sayabah has a debt owed to him by a man who has died. We spoke to him about forgiving it, but he refused." Imam (as) said: "Woe to him! Does he not know that for every dirham he forgives, he will receive ten in return? But if he does not forgive, then he will only receive a dirham in exchange for a dirham."
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Hadith.3713 - Al-Sakuni narrated from Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (as) from his father, Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as), from his forefathers (peace be upon them) who said: A man came to Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (as) and said: "I have earned wealth, but I was not careful in seeking it, whether it was lawful or unlawful. Now I wish to repent, but I do not know what portion of it is lawful and what is unlawful, as it has become mixed." Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (as) said: "Take out one-fifth of your wealth, for Allah (swt), the Mighty and Exalted, has accepted one-fifth from a person, and the rest of the wealth is entirely lawful for you."
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Hadith.3714 - Abu Al-Bakhtari Wahb ibn Wahb narrated from Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq (as) from his father, Imam Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Baqir (as) (peace be upon them), who said: Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (as) ruled concerning a man who died and left heirs. One of the heirs acknowledged a debt against his father. Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (as) ruled that it would be binding upon him in his share, according to what he inherited, and it would not apply to the entire estate. If two of the heirs acknowledged the debt and they were just (trustworthy), then it would be enforced against all the heirs. However, if they were not just, they would only be liable in their shares, based on what they inherited. Similarly, if some of the heirs acknowledged a brother or sister, the acknowledgment would only apply to their share. Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (as) said: "Whoever acknowledges a brother, he is a partner in the wealth, but his lineage is not established. If two heirs acknowledge him, the same applies-unless they are just (trustworthy), in which case his lineage is established, and he shares in the inheritance with them."
[1]ظاهره أنّه يؤدى بنسبة نصيبه من جميع المال فيكون قوله« كله» تأكيدا لقوله« ذلك» و في التهذيب ج 2 ص 379 كما في المتن و في ص 63 منه« ذلك كله في ماله» و هو صريح، و يمكن أن يكون المراد أنّه لا يلزمه باقراره أكثر ممّا ورث فيكون« كله» مجرورا تأكيدا لقوله« ماله».ص 190
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Hadith.3715 - Ibrahim ibn Hashim narrated that Muhammad ibn Abi Umayr (may Allah (swt) be pleased with him) was a cloth merchant. He lost his wealth and became poor. A man owed him ten thousand dirhams. Muhammad ibn Abi Umayr sold his house, which he lived in, for ten thousand dirhams and brought the money to the debtor's door. Muhammad ibn Abi Umayr came out and asked: "What is this?" The man replied: "This is your money that I owe you." He asked: "Did you inherit it?" The man said: "No." He asked: "Was it gifted to you?" The man said: "No." He asked: "Is it the price of a property you sold?" The man said: "No." He asked: "Then what is it?" The man replied: "I sold the house I live in to repay my debt." Muhammad ibn Abi Umayr (may Allah (swt) be pleased with him) said: "Zarih Al-Muharibi narrated to me from Abu Abdillah (as) that he said: 'A man should not be forced out of his home because of a debt.' Take it back; I have no need for it. By Allah (swt), I am in need of a dirham at this moment, yet not a single dirham of it will enter my possession."
[3]لعله مع رضا المدين لم يحرم القبول لكنه- رحمه اللّه- لم يقبل لكثرة ورعه.ص 190
[1]في التهذيب ج 2 ص 62 بإسناده عن محمّد بن عليّ بن محبوب، عن هارون بن مسلم، عن مسعدة بن صدقة قال:« سمعت جعفر بن محمّد عليهما السلام و سئل عن رجل عليه دين و له نصيب في دار و هي تغل غلة، فربما بلغت غلتها قوته و ربما لم يبلغ حتّى يستدين فان هو باع الدار و قضى دينه بقى لا دار له، فقال ان كان في داره ما يقضى به دينه و يفضل منها ما يكفيه و عياله فليبع الدار و الا فلا».ص 191
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Hadith.3716 - Yunus ibn Abdul Rahman wrote to Al-Ridha (as), saying: "I had ten dirhams owed to me by a man, but the ruler invalidated those dirhams and introduced new dirhams that are higher in value than the previous ones. The earlier dirhams are now devalued. What is my right upon him-the original dirhams that the ruler invalidated or the new dirhams approved by the ruler?" Imam (as) wrote in response: "You have the right to the original dirhams."